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Oncolytic virus and immunogenic cell death in cancer therapy

GuoXiu Cao1, Chan Ding2, Jun Dai3

  • 1Guizhou. Aerospace Hospital, Zunyi, 563000, China.

Tumour Virus Research
|November 28, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) show promise in cancer treatment by killing tumor cells and stimulating immune responses. Combining OVs with immunogenic cell death (ICD) inducers may enhance their effectiveness for more patients.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are engineered viruses that selectively infect and lyse cancer cells.
  • OVs can reprogram the tumor microenvironment to elicit antitumor immune responses.
  • Current OV monotherapy has limitations in benefiting a wide range of cancer patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms by which OVs induce immunogenic cell death (ICD).
  • To explore the balance between antiviral and antitumor immunity elicited by OVs.
  • To discuss strategies for enhancing OV-based cancer immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of preclinical and clinical studies on OV therapy.
  • Analysis of immune responses triggered by OV infection and tumor lysis.
  • Evaluation of combination strategies involving OVs and ICD inducers.

Main Results:

  • OVs induce ICD through tumor cell lysis and release of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs).
  • OVs modulate the tumor microenvironment, promoting TAA presentation and immune cell infiltration.
  • Combining OVs with ICD inducers shows potential for synergistic antitumor effects.

Conclusions:

  • OVs are potent inducers of ICD and can stimulate antitumor immunity.
  • Optimizing OV therapy, particularly through combination with ICD inducers, is crucial for improving clinical outcomes.
  • Further research is needed to fully harness the potential of OVs in cancer immunotherapy.
Keywords:
CancerImmunogenic cell deathOncolytic virusesTherapy

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