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Flow Cytometry

Flow Cytometry

The development of flow cytometry techniques began in 1934 with initial attempts by Andrew Moldavan, a bacteriologist who counted the cells in a flowing capillary system. Moldavan pumped cells through a capillary tube focused under a microscope for visualization. The invention of photometry allowed the measurement of differentially-stained cells, and Louis Kamentsky developed the first multiparameter flow cytometer in 1965 to identify and count the cancer cells in cervical tissue specimens.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Flow Cytometric Characterization of Murine B Cell Development

Flow Cytometric Characterization of Murine B Cell Development

Published on: January 22, 2021

Transcription factor expression for identifying B cell subsets in cattle by flow cytometry.

Hayley Brown¹, Selma Schmidt², Michelle Thom²

¹The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom; School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom.

Developmental and Comparative Immunology

|November 28, 2025

Summary

Researchers developed new methods to identify key cattle B cell subsets, including total mature B cells, plasma cells, and germinal center B cells, using cross-reacting antibodies. This expands tools for studying bovine immunology and B cell responses in livestock.

Keywords:

Antigen-specific cell phenotyping Flow cytometry panel Germinal centre Mature B cells Plasma cells

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Veterinary Science
Cell Biology

Background:

B cells are crucial for immune responses but can cause disease.
Studying B cell differentiation is vital for understanding immunity and autoimmunity.
Limited immunological tools hinder B cell subset research in livestock, particularly cattle.

Purpose of the Study:

To establish novel methods for identifying major cattle B cell subsets using flow cytometry.
To characterize total mature B cells, plasma cells/plasmablasts, and germinal center B cells in cattle.
To enable the study of antigen-driven B cell responses in cattle.

Main Methods:

Utilized cross-reacting anti-human/anti-murine antibodies combined with anti-bovine reagents.
Employed antibodies targeting CD79α, Pax5, Blimp1, IRF4, and Bcl6 for flow cytometry.
Used foot-and-mouth disease virus-like particles (VLPs) to detect antigen-specific B cells.

Main Results:

Successfully identified three major cattle B cell subsets: total mature B cells, plasma cells/plasmablasts, and germinal center B cells.
Characterized B cell phenotypes based on co-expression of specific markers (e.g., CD79α/Pax5, Blimp1/IRF4, Bcl6).
Demonstrated the ability to dissect antigen-driven B cell responses using established phenotypes, with antigen-specific cells concentrated in lymph nodes.

Conclusions:

Developed a significantly expanded immunological toolbox for cattle B cell research.
Provided new phenotypes for identifying distinct B cell populations in cattle.
Enabled detailed analysis of B cell differentiation and antigen-specific responses in livestock.