Review of Artificial Intelligence for Clinical Use in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias

As the U.S. population ages, Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) cases are increasing, resulting in long wait times for specialist care. We review state-of-the-art artificial intelligence (AI) applications in ADRD care, from streamlining clinical diagnosis to pioneering novel digital biomarkers. Near-term AI applications include neuroimaging interpretation, conversational agents for patient interviews, and digital cognitive assessments. Large language models show promise as collaborative partners, helping clinicians interpret complex data while supporting patients and caregivers. Emerging digital biomarkers-speech analysis, passive monitoring through wearable devices, electronic health record analysis, and multiomics-offer potential for continuous monitoring to detect cognitive decline years before traditional assessments. Despite the acceleration of AI innovation, most of these systems are inaccessible in clinical practice. Implementation bottlenecks include limited external validation, technical challenges, model biases, infrastructure, and regulatory requirements. This review aims to help neurologists navigate this rapidly evolving AI landscape and prepare for implementation in ADRD care.