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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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In the ever-evolving field of public health, statistical analysis serves as a cornerstone for understanding and managing disease outbreaks. By leveraging various statistical tools, health professionals can predict potential outbreaks, analyze ongoing situations, and devise effective responses to mitigate impact. For that to happen, there are a few possible stages of the analysis:
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Update on emerging and re-emerging vector-borne diseases.

Courtney A Micheletti1, Michael W Crawford1, William B Messer2

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Vector-borne diseases (VBDs), transmitted by ticks and mosquitoes, are a growing global health threat. This article highlights recent advances in understanding and combating these escalating RNA virus infections.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Virology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) represent a significant and increasing global health challenge.
  • The incidence of vector-borne RNA viruses has risen, encompassing diverse genera like dengue and newly identified orthonairoviruses.
  • Complex ecological, environmental, immunological, and socioeconomic factors influence VBD transmission dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight major and recent findings concerning vector-borne RNA viruses.
  • To present novel discoveries and insights into VBDs.
  • To inform current clinical management and public health control strategies for emerging VBDs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of select viruses and concepts in VBDs.
  • Prioritization of major and recent findings.
  • Analysis of factors influencing transmission and challenges in control.

Main Results:

  • Increased incidence of vector-borne RNA viruses globally.
  • Identification of diverse viral genera, including dengue, Oropouche virus, and orthonairoviruses.
  • Recognition of complex factors challenging diagnosis, management, and prevention.

Conclusions:

  • Emerging vector-borne RNA viruses pose a persistent threat.
  • Novel discoveries are crucial for updating clinical and public health approaches.
  • Integrated strategies are needed to combat the escalating VBD epidemic.