Recent advances in microcrystalline cellulose-reinforced polymer composites: extraction, properties, applications,...

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is a renewable and biodegradable biopolymer that has attracted significant interest as a reinforcing filler in polymer biocomposite films. This review provides a comprehensive overview of MCC-based biocomposites and their impact on film sustainability. It covers MCC sources from agricultural and industrial waste, new extraction processes (e.g., microwave- and enzyme-assisted processes), and environmentally friendly solvents such as ionic and deep eutectic solvents. Alternative fabrication methods, including solution casting, melt blending, and electrospinning were discussed. Furthermore, the impact of MCC on the mechanical properties, thermal resistance, and barrier properties was analyzed. Biodegradation behavior, environmental performance, and new surface modification strategies of MCC were comprehensively discussed. Applications in packaging, biomedical devices, agriculture, and intelligent sensing were emphasized, alongside lifecycle and circular economy considerations. The study concluded with a discussion of the challenges faced and future directions, highlighting the potential of MCC to advance sustainable biopolymer-based technologies.