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Related Concept Videos

Mutations01:39

Mutations

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Overview
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Mutations01:35

Mutations

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Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
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Point and Frameshift Mutations01:30

Point and Frameshift Mutations

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Point mutations are genetic alterations involving the change of a single nucleotide base pair in DNA. Depending on how the alteration affects protein synthesis, they can lead to various consequences.Point mutations fall into the following types:Silent mutations occur when a nucleotide change does not alter the amino acid sequence due to the redundancy of the genetic code. For instance, changing ACC to ACA still encodes threonine, leaving the protein function unaffected. This occurs because...
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Genome Copying Errors02:46

Genome Copying Errors

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DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their  survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.
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Mutations in Microorganisms01:18

Mutations in Microorganisms

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Mutations are heritable changes in an organism’s genome involving alterations in the base sequence of DNA or RNA. These changes can influence cellular processes and phenotypic traits, potentially transforming the unaltered wild type into a mutant form. Such changes, termed forward mutations, are pivotal in shaping the genetic diversity of organisms.RNA viruses exhibit the highest mutation rates due to the absence of robust proofreading mechanisms during genome replication. In contrast,...
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
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Updated: Jan 10, 2026

A Protocol for Functional Assessment of Whole-Protein Saturation Mutagenesis Libraries Utilizing High-Throughput Sequencing
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Structural Mutations Set an Equilibrium Noncoding Genome Fraction.

Juliette Luiselli1,2, Paul Banse3,4, Olivier Mazet5

  • 1INSA-Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ECL, Université Lumière Lyon 2, LIRIS UMR5205, Lyon F-69621, France.

Molecular Biology and Evolution
|November 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genome size evolution is driven by mutation biases and selection for robustness against DNA damage. These forces determine the equilibrium noncoding DNA fraction in genomes.

Keywords:
evolutiongenome sizemathematical modelingnoncoding genomestructural mutations

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genomics
  • Mathematical modeling

Background:

  • The evolutionary pressures shaping noncoding genome size are not fully understood.
  • A significant portion of noncoding DNA lacks apparent function, challenging adaptationist theories.
  • Existing nonadaptive theories focus on mutational processes or hazards but lack integration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a mathematical model for genome size evolution.
  • To identify the fundamental forces governing the noncoding genome fraction.
  • To integrate existing nonadaptive theories into a unified framework.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a simple mathematical model for genome size evolution.
  • Analysis of forces including mutational biases and robustness selection.
  • Modeling the impact of double-strand breaks on genome stability.

Main Results:

  • The noncoding genome fraction is determined by inherent mutation biases favoring neutral additions.
  • Robustness selection, driven by structural mutations in larger genomes, also shapes noncoding DNA.
  • An equilibrium noncoding fraction is established based on mutation biases and population-level factors.

Conclusions:

  • Genome size evolution is influenced by both mutational neutrality biases and selection for robustness.
  • The model provides a unified framework for understanding noncoding DNA abundance.
  • Equilibrium noncoding fraction depends on mutation biases and the product of population size and mutation rate.