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Updated: Jan 10, 2026

A Protocol for the Production of KLRG1 Tetramer
Published on: January 12, 2010
Structure of an LGR dimer, an evolutionary predecessor of glycoprotein hormone receptors
Zhen Gong1, Shuobing Chen1,2, Ziao Fu1,3
1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
Abstract:
Glycoprotein hormones (GpHs) produced in the human pituitary act through receptors (GpHRs) in the gonads to support reproduction and in the thyroid for metabolism. GpHs are heterodimeric cystine-knot proteins; their receptors bind cognate hormones at an extracellular domain and signal through a transmembrane domain to heterotrimeric G proteins. GpHs and GpHRs have co-evolved from invertebrate counterparts. Structures of the human receptors as isolated for cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) are all monomeric despite compelling evidence for their functioning as dimers. Here we characterize the homologous receptor from Caenorhabditis elegans. Its biochemical properties are notably similar to those of the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) of humans. Structurally, it is an asymmetric dimer (protomers screw-transformed by 142°/4.1 Å), composed such that only one hormone could bind. This is compatible with the 1:2 asymmetry of negatively cooperative TSH:TSHR complexes and for the transactivation evident from functional complementation of binding-deficient and signaling-deficient GpHRs. By modeling, a symmetrized dimer can bind two hormones as in the 2:2 complexes that support TSHR switches in G-protein usage.
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