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Related Concept Videos

Applications of RC Circuits01:22

Applications of RC Circuits

4.0K
A relaxation oscillator is one of the applications of RC circuits. A neon lamp relaxation oscillator comprises a capacitor, a resistor, a voltage source, and a lamp. The lamp acts like an open circuit, with infinite resistance until the potential difference across the lamp reaches a specific voltage. At that voltage, the lamp acts like a short circuit with zero resistance, and the capacitor discharges through the lamp, thus producing light. Once the capacitor is fully discharged through the...
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Comparison between RL and RC circuits01:24

Comparison between RL and RC circuits

5.9K
An RC circuit consists of resistance and capacitance, while in an RL circuit, capacitance is replaced by an inductor. RL and RC circuits are first-order differential circuits that store energy. An RC circuit stores energy in the electric field, while an RL circuit stores energy in the magnetic field. When connected to a battery, an RC circuit charges the capacitor, causing the current to decrease from maximum to zero upon being fully charged. This increases the voltage across the capacitor from...
5.9K
RC Circuit with Source01:15

RC Circuit with Source

2.6K
When a DC source is abruptly applied to an RC (Resistor-Capacitor) circuit, the voltage can be represented as a unit step function. The voltage across the capacitor, known as the step response, characterizes how the circuit reacts to this sudden change in input.
Due to the inherent properties of a capacitor, its voltage cannot change instantaneously. This means that immediately after the switch is closed, the capacitor's voltage remains the same as it was just before the switch was closed.
2.6K
RC Circuit without Source01:16

RC Circuit without Source

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When a DC source is abruptly disconnected from an RC (Resistor-Capacitor) circuit, the circuit becomes source-free. Assuming that the capacitor was fully charged before the source was removed, its initial voltage, denoted as V0, can be considered as the initial energy that stimulates the circuit.
Applying Kirchhoff's current law at the top node of the circuit and substituting the current values across the components, a first-order differential equation is obtained. By rearranging the terms...
2.3K
RC Circuits: Discharging A Capacitor01:27

RC Circuits: Discharging A Capacitor

4.3K
One of the applications of an RC circuit is the relaxation oscillator. The relaxation oscillator comprises a voltage source, a capacitor, a resistor, and a neon lamp. The lamp acts like an open circuit (infinite resistance) until the potential difference across the neon lamp reaches a specific voltage. At that voltage, the lamp acts like a short circuit (zero resistance), and the capacitor discharges through the neon lamp and produces light. Once the capacitor is fully discharged through the...
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RC Circuits: Charging A Capacitor01:30

RC Circuits: Charging A Capacitor

4.4K
A circuit containing resistance and capacitance is called an RC circuit. A capacitor is an electrical component that stores electric charge by storing energy in an electric field. Consider a simple RC circuit having a DC (direct current) voltage source ε, a resistor R, a capacitor C, and a two-way position switch. In the circuit, the capacitor can be charged or discharged depending on the position of the switch.
When the switch is moved to connect the battery, the circuit reduces to a simple...
4.4K

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An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children
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An image encryption scheme using PRESENT-RC4, chaos and secure key generation.

Krishna Kumar1, Satyabrata Roy2, Dev Puri1

  • 1Department of Information Technology, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, 303007, Rajasthan, India.

Scientific Reports
|November 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a hybrid image encryption method combining RC4 with chaotic transformations and nonlinear cryptography. The enhanced scheme improves security by addressing RC4

Keywords:
Arnold Cat MapChaos-based image encryptionMultiply-With-Carry PRNGPBKDF2PRESENT S-BoxRC4 cipher

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Area of Science:

  • Cryptography and Information Security
  • Digital Image Processing
  • Applied Mathematics

Background:

  • Growing demand for secure visual data transmission in medical imaging, surveillance, and communications.
  • Limitations of traditional ciphers like Rivest Cipher 4 (RC4), including biased keystreams and weak key scheduling, making it unsuitable for standalone use.
  • Need for enhanced security in image encryption techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a hybrid image encryption scheme that enhances the security of the Rivest Cipher 4 (RC4) algorithm.
  • To mitigate the inherent weaknesses of RC4 through the integration of chaotic transformations and nonlinear cryptography.
  • To achieve robust and secure digital image encryption.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of a secure 256-bit key using Password-Based Key-Derivation Function (PBKDF2) and HMAC-SHA256, followed by novel key expansion.
  • Modification of the RC4 Keystream Generation Algorithm and augmentation with a Multiply-With-Carry (MWC) pseudo-random sequence to reduce bias.
  • Hybrid encryption process involving pixel-wise substitution (PRESENT S-box), spatial shuffling (Arnold's Cat Map), and diffusion for increased entropy and statistical randomness.

Main Results:

  • The proposed scheme effectively addresses and dilutes the known weaknesses of the standard RC4 algorithm.
  • Demonstrated strong secure image encryption capabilities, evidenced by desirable entropy, NPCR (Number of Pixels Change Rate), and UACI (Unified Average Changing Intensity) metrics.
  • The enhanced keystream generation and encryption process contribute to increased statistical randomness and security.

Conclusions:

  • The hybrid image encryption scheme offers a significant improvement over standard RC4 for secure visual data transmission.
  • The integration of chaotic maps and nonlinear components provides a robust solution for modern encryption challenges.
  • The proposed method exhibits excellent performance in terms of security and statistical properties for image encryption applications.