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Estimating PM2.5 concentrations at public schools in North Carolina using multiple data sources and interpolation

Rachel Carroll1, Paul Bailey2, Saugat Pandey2

  • 1American Institutes for Research, Washington D.C., USA. rcarroll@air.org.

Scientific Reports
|November 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Air pollution from fine particulate matter (PM2.5) impacts children's health and academic performance. Combining EPA and PurpleAir data using Kriging improves air quality monitoring at schools, revealing higher pollution in suburban areas.

Keywords:
Air quality monitoringHealth risksKrigingPM2.5PurpleAir monitors

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Public Health
  • Education Policy

Background:

  • Air pollution, especially fine particulate matter (PM2.5), presents significant health risks to children.
  • Public schools are critical sites for evaluating children's exposure to air quality.
  • Existing air quality monitoring networks have limitations in spatial coverage and real-time data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate PM2.5 concentrations at North Carolina public schools.
  • To compare the effectiveness of Kriging and Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation methods.
  • To assess the relationship between PM2.5 exposure and 8th-grade reading scores.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized EPA and PurpleAir monitor data for PM2.5 estimation.
  • Applied Kriging and IDW interpolation techniques, validated through cross-validation.
  • Integrated data from sparse EPA monitors with dense PurpleAir monitors for enhanced spatial resolution.

Main Results:

  • Kriging outperformed IDW in PM2.5 estimation accuracy, particularly near EPA sites.
  • Combining EPA and PurpleAir data significantly improved predictive accuracy, especially in data-scarce areas.
  • Suburban schools exhibited higher PM2.5 concentrations.
  • A negative correlation was observed between PM2.5 exposure and 8th-grade reading scores.

Conclusions:

  • Integrating PurpleAir monitors into school-based air quality monitoring is crucial for public health and education policy.
  • Combined EPA and PurpleAir data with Kriging provide a robust method for assessing environmental determinants of student well-being.
  • Findings suggest air pollution may negatively impact cognitive functions essential for academic achievement.