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Unpacking the implementation climate in general education settings in public schools: a sequential-explanatory
Aksheya Sridhar1, Alice Bravo1, Yasmín Landa1
1University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA.
Implementation Science Communications
|November 29, 2025
Summary
Educators report low implementation climate in schools for autistic students, indicating a need for better support and resources to improve evidence-based practice use.
Area of Science:
- Educational Psychology
- Special Education
- Implementation Science
Background:
- Increasing inclusion of autistic students in general education settings necessitates effective support strategies.
- Organizational factors significantly impact the successful implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs).
- Implementation climate, defined as organizational support for EBPs, is a key predictor of EBP use but is understudied in public schools.
Purpose of the Study:
- To assess the implementation climate in general education settings serving autistic students.
- To identify factors influencing the use of EBPs for autistic students in public elementary schools.
Main Methods:
- A sequential explanatory mixed-methods approach was employed.
- 361 educators (general teachers, special education teachers, paraeducators) across 60 elementary schools completed the School Implementation Climate Scale (SICS).
- 82 educators participated in semi-structured interviews to explore EBP use and implementation challenges.
Main Results:
- Educators reported low aggregate mean scores on the SICS, indicating a suboptimal implementation climate.
- Qualitative data revealed challenges including insufficient professional development, limited preparation time, inadequate resources, and minimal recognition for EBP implementation.
- Specific subscales like 'education support' and 'rewards for EBPs' were rated particularly low.
Conclusions:
- A suboptimal implementation climate exists in general education settings for supporting autistic students.
- Improving the implementation climate is crucial for the successful adoption of EBPs.
- Future research should explore outer contextual factors influencing implementation and develop targeted interventions.
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