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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that arises following exposure to traumatic events such as natural disasters, forced displacement, or severe accidents. It significantly impairs individuals' ability to cope with daily activities and disrupts their emotional and psychological equilibrium.
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Eyewitness memory refers to the recollection of events by someone who has directly witnessed them, often serving as critical evidence in legal settings. This type of memory is commonly used in criminal cases where a witness describes details like a suspect's appearance, clothing, or behavior during a crime. However, despite its perceived reliability, eyewitness memory is prone to significant errors.
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False memories represent a cognitive distortion in which individuals recall events that did not happen, or remember them in an altered form. This phenomenon highlights the brain's constructive nature in processing and recalling memories, emphasizing that memory is not a perfect representation of past events but rather a dynamic reconstruction influenced by various factors.
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), previously termed multiple personality disorder, is a complex psychological condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states. Each identity exhibits unique patterns of behavior, voice, and mannerisms and may possess separate memories and emotional responses. The alternating control between identities can result in memory gaps and challenges in recalling daily activities, often exacerbating the individual's...
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Traumatic Memory01:20

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Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual...
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Psychodynamic Therapy01:29

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Psychodynamic therapies emphasize the exploration of unconscious processes and early childhood experiences as fundamental contributors to psychological difficulties. These therapies, deeply rooted in Freud's psychoanalytic theory, aim to uncover and resolve unconscious conflicts, granting individuals insights that promote emotional and behavioral healing. Contemporary psychodynamic approaches have evolved, integrating a broader range of influences and methodologies while still valuing the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder
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Vicarious trauma among forensic psychologists.

Kellie Wiltsie1,2, Chelsea Jackson1,2, Haleh Kanani1,2

  • 1Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Journal of Forensic Sciences
|November 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Forensic psychologists experience vicarious trauma from evaluating justice-involved individuals. Protective factors like social support and empathy did not significantly reduce this trauma in the study.

Keywords:
forensic psychological assessmentsforensic psychologistsforensic psychologyprotective factorssecondary traumavicarious trauma

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Forensic Psychology
  • Mental Health

Background:

  • Forensic mental health professionals face unique stressors evaluating justice-involved individuals.
  • Vicarious trauma, the psychological impact of indirect trauma exposure, is understudied in this population.
  • Understanding risk and protective factors is crucial for supporting forensic evaluators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the prevalence of vicarious trauma among forensic psychologists.
  • To investigate the impact of protective (social support, empathy) and risk (substance use, caseload) factors on vicarious trauma.
  • To explore how vicarious trauma may uniquely manifest in forensic psychologists compared to other helping professionals.

Main Methods:

  • A self-report survey was administered to 82 forensic psychologists.
  • Data collected on vicarious trauma, perceived social support, trait empathy, caseload, and substance use.
  • Statistical analyses were used to assess relationships between factors and vicarious trauma.

Main Results:

  • Perceived social support, trait empathy, number of evaluations, and substance use were not significantly related to vicarious trauma.
  • No statistically significant findings were observed, warranting further investigation.
  • Methodology contributes to understanding vicarious trauma in forensic contexts.

Conclusions:

  • Current protective and risk factors may not adequately explain vicarious trauma in forensic psychologists.
  • Further research is needed to refine the operationalization of vicarious trauma.
  • Exploring prevalence in diverse forensic mental health roles is recommended.