Bimetallic Nanozymes: Structure-Activity, Regulatory Strategies, and Adaptive Applications

Bimetallic nanozymes, an emerging class of artificial enzymes with dual metal active sites, have garnered significant attention due to their superior catalytic performance, enhanced stability, and tunable reactivity compared to monometallic counterparts. By leveraging synergistic electronic and geometric interactions between two distinct metals, these nanozymes address fundamental limitations in catalytic efficiency, selectivity, and functional versatility. This review systematically categorizes bimetallic nanozymes into five structural types-single-atom, cluster, nanoparticle, metal-organic framework (MOF)-based, and composite systems-and elucidates their enzyme-like activities, including oxidase-, peroxidase-, catalase-, and hydrolase-like behaviors. Furthermore, advanced strategies are discussed for regulating their activity through metal composition tuning, structural engineering, and application of external stimuli. The integration of bimetallic nanozymes in biomedical applications (e.g., tumor therapy, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory treatments, and biosensing), environmental remediation (pollutant detection and degradation), and food safety monitoring is thoroughly examined. Finally, current challenges and future directions are highlighted for the rational design and multifunctional application of bimetallic nanozymes, emphasizing interdisciplinary approaches to advance their translational potential.