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Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance
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Mechanochemical All-in-Powder Strategy with Intrinsic Additive Incorporation for High-Efficiency and Durable

Jinyoung Kim1, Joo Hwan Kim1, Hyun-Seok Cho1

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, 35, Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|November 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Mechanochemical ball-milling synthesizes stable perovskite solar cell powders. This method enhances reproducibility and scalability, achieving a 24.33% power conversion efficiency with improved material stability.

Keywords:
additiveball millingmechanochemicalperovskiteperovskite powder

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy
  • Photovoltaics

Background:

  • Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) show promise for cost-effective photovoltaics but face reproducibility and scalability challenges.
  • Additives like methylammonium chloride (MACl) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li-TFSI) are crucial but complicate fabrication.
  • Current methods struggle with uniform additive incorporation, hindering large-scale production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a scalable and reproducible method for synthesizing perovskite and hole transport material (HTM) powders with incorporated additives.
  • To investigate the impact of mechanochemical processing on material homogeneity, stability, and solar cell performance.
  • To optimize anti-solvent usage for improved perovskite film formation in powder-based PSCs.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized ball-milling (a mechanochemical technique) to premix perovskite components with MACl and HTM with Li-TFSI.
  • Synthesized and characterized perovskite and Li-doped HTM powders under optimized milling conditions.
  • Fabricated powder-based PSCs using isopropyl alcohol (IPA) as an anti-solvent and evaluated their performance.

Main Results:

  • Optimized ball-milling produced perovskite powder with enhanced compositional homogeneity and long-term stability (3 months).
  • The synthesized powder demonstrated exceptional stability under 85% relative humidity and 100 °C thermal stress.
  • Using IPA as an anti-solvent resulted in superior perovskite film quality compared to chlorobenzene.
  • Powder-based PSCs fabricated with IPA and optimized milling achieved a maximum power conversion efficiency of 24.33%.

Conclusions:

  • Mechanochemical ball-milling offers a scalable and stable route for preparing perovskite and HTM powders for solar cell applications.
  • This approach mitigates challenges associated with additive incorporation, improving reproducibility and material robustness.
  • Optimized powder processing and IPA-based fabrication significantly enhance PSC performance and stability.