Molecular targeted therapies, omics, and AI based theranostics approaches for the treatment of prostate cancer

Cancer is a disease that begins with genetic and epigenetic alterations occurring in specific cells, some of which can spread and migrate to other tissues. Prostate cancer ranks as one of the most prevalent malignancies among men globally, particularly in regions with high human development indices. The disease often progresses silently in its early stages, underscoring the critical need for timely screening and awareness. importance of early detection and the role of prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing, digital rectal examinations (DRE), and biopsy methods in guiding clinical decision-making. Molecular mechanism underlying prostate cancer involve pathology, epidemiologic factors like diet, physical activities, chemical exposure and etiology of prostate cancer also disrupted signaling pathway, including DNA repair pathway, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Wnt/β-catenin and AR pathway. Early diagnosis remains challenging, as most cases are detected at advanced stages, limiting curative treatment options. The integration of omics technologies and molecular biomarkers has refined early detection and risk stratification. Emerging strategies, including molecular targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and stem cell research, are transforming treatment approaches beyond traditional methods like surgery and radiotherapy. The present paper includes risk factors, genetic influences, screening protocols, and treatment options including surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy. The review also includes the application of artificial intelligence in improving diagnostic precision and personalized care. Additionally, recent advancements in targeted therapies and the molecular basis of disease progression are also discussed.