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Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Assessment of Age-related Changes in Cognitive Functions Using EmoCogMeter, a Novel Tablet-computer Based Approach
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Introduction to age-related cognitive-behavioural changes.

Matthew-Zane L Broderick1, Houd Taji2, Fatima Hajj3

  • 1Faculty of Medicine and Stomatology, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia.

Progress in Brain Research
|November 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Aging involves cognitive and behavioral changes, often mistaken for neurodegenerative diseases. Research explores factors like gut-brain axis, genetics, and inflammation influencing these age-related shifts.

Keywords:
AgingApolipoprotein E epsilon-4 (APOE ε4)Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66MetCatechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158MetCognitive-neuroscienceSenescence

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Aging is characterized by biological and physiological changes.
  • Cognitive and behavioral alterations during senescence are often overlooked and misdiagnosed.
  • These changes are frequently confused with neurodegenerative disorders common in the elderly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce the cognitive-behavioral changes associated with aging.
  • To provide an overview of the multifaceted nature of age-related behavioral differences.
  • To summarize common age-related behavioral changes and influencing factors.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
  • Electroencephalography (EEG)
  • Animal studies
  • Analysis of gut-microbiota-central nervous system (CNS) interactions

Main Results:

  • Multiple factors modulate age-related behavioral changes, including sex, genetics, and central nervous system (CNS) structural/molecular alterations.
  • Low-grade chronic inflammation, epigenetics, and infections appear significant.
  • Pathological neurodegenerative diseases interact with natural aging processes, contributing to behavioral changes.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive and behavioral changes are integral aspects of aging.
  • Understanding these changes requires considering diverse modulatory factors.
  • Distinguishing normal aging from pathological conditions is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management.