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Age-Related Changes in Default Mode Network in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Insights From Effective Connectivity.

Soroor Shafieizadegan1, Farzaneh Shayegh1, Rassoul Amirfattahi1

  • 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) shows altered brain connectivity in the default mode network (DMN) across ages. Early hyper-connectivity in children with ASD may shift to hypo-connectivity in adults, with potential as a biomarker.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Altered brain connectivity in the default mode network (DMN) is frequently observed in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
  • Previous studies often focused on specific age groups or mixed ages, limiting understanding of developmental trajectories.
  • Effective connectivity (EC) within the DMN shows age-related variations in ASD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate age-related changes in DMN effective connectivity (EC) in individuals with ASD compared to typically developing controls (TC).
  • To identify potential neural markers of ASD symptom severity.
  • To explore the dynamic nature of EC abnormalities across the lifespan in ASD.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized resting-state functional MRI data from ABIDE-I and ABIDE-II databases (591 ASD, 725 TC).
  • Analyzed three age cohorts: children (≤12), adolescents (12-18), and adults (≥18).
  • Employed Spectral Dynamic Causal Modeling and Parametric Empirical Bayes (PEB) analysis to assess EC differences and age-by-group interactions, controlling for covariates.

Main Results:

  • Significant group differences in DMN EC were found across all age groups.
  • Children with ASD showed mixed hyper- and hypo-connectivity, predominantly hyper-connectivity.
  • Adolescents and adults with ASD displayed mixed patterns, with a majority showing hypo-connectivity. Age-by-group interactions were significant in children and adolescents.
  • Specific EC patterns correlated with ASD symptom severity (ADOS), suggesting potential as a neural marker.

Conclusions:

  • ASD exhibits dynamic EC abnormalities across development, potentially transitioning from hyper- to hypo-connectivity.
  • Age-specific approaches are crucial for understanding ASD's neural underpinnings.
  • EC shows promise as a potential biomarker for ASD diagnosis and intervention, warranting further research.