Biotic-Abiotic Interface Engineering for Peripheral Nerve Modulation and Repair

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) has emerged as a versatile and clinically accessible target for neuroengineering, offering unique advantages in modularity, surgical accessibility, and regenerative capacity. These characteristics have led to the development of peripheral nerve interfaces aimed at clinical implementation across therapeutic and prosthetic applications. Peripheral nerve interfaces involve a broad range of technologies designed to record, stimulate, or repair neural pathways. These technologies are increasingly converging toward systems that are not only surgically and functionally integrated, but also capable of adaptive, closed-loop control. Collectively, these developments represent an advancement in peripheral nerve interface design from passive or pre-programmed interventions to interactive, responsive, and personalized platforms for neural repair and modulation. This review highlights recent advances in biotic-abiotic interface engineering for peripheral nerve applications, encompassing wearable and implantable approaches, as well as addressing current challenges and discussing future perspectives.