Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations02:05

Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations

Being able to calculate equilibrium concentrations is essential to many areas of science and technology—for example, in the formulation and dosing of pharmaceutical products. After a drug is ingested or injected, it is typically involved in several chemical equilibria that affect its ultimate concentration in the body system of interest. Knowledge of the quantitative aspects of these equilibria is required to compute a dosage amount that will solicit the desired therapeutic effect.
A more...
The Small x Assumption02:20

The Small x Assumption

If a reaction has a small equilibrium constant, the equilibrium position favors the reactants. In such reactions, a negligible change in concentration may occur if the initial concentrations of reactants are high and the Kc value is small. In such circumstances, the equilibrium concentration is approximately equal to its initial concentration. This estimation can be used to simplify the equilibrium calculations by assuming that some equilibrium concentrations are equal to the initial...
Calculations of Electric Potential II01:27

Calculations of Electric Potential II

An electric dipole is a system of two equal but opposite charges, separated by a fixed distance. This system is used to model many real-world systems, including atomic and molecular interactions. One of these systems is the water molecule, but only under certain circumstances. These circumstances are met inside a microwave oven, where electric fields with alternating directions make the water molecules change orientation. This vibration is equivalent to heat at the molecular level.
Consider a...
Chemical Equilibria: Systematic Approach to Equilibrium Calculations01:21

Chemical Equilibria: Systematic Approach to Equilibrium Calculations

Equilibrium calculations for systems involving multiple equilibria are often complex. For example, to calculate the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt in an aqueous solution in the presence of a common ion, one must consider all the equilibria in this solution. Calculations for these systems can be complicated and tedious, so a systematic approach with a series of steps is often helpful. The process is detailed below.
The first step is to identify all the chemical reactions involved, The...
Mechanistic Models: Compartment Models in Algorithms for Numerical Problem Solving01:29

Mechanistic Models: Compartment Models in Algorithms for Numerical Problem Solving

Mechanistic models play a crucial role in algorithms for numerical problem-solving, particularly in nonlinear mixed effects modeling (NMEM). These models aim to minimize specific objective functions by evaluating various parameter estimates, leading to the development of systematic algorithms. In some cases, linearization techniques approximate the model using linear equations.
In individual population analyses, different algorithms are employed, such as Cauchy's method, which uses a...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Dimensional Evolution from a Giant Molybdenum-Red Cage-like {Mo<sub>200</sub>} to 1D Chains Enabling Ultrahigh Proton Conduction.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Chemputer and chemputation-A universal chemical compound synthesis machine.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Verification and execution of the scientific literature via chemputation augmented by large language models.

Communications chemistry·2026
Same author

Chemical programming of kinase inhibitors in a modular chemputer-based system.

Communications biology·2026
Same author

Spontaneous assemblies of gigantic polyoxomolybdates; from structure and properties to synthetic methods.

Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)·2026
Same author

Organophosphonate Ligation Approach for the Controlled Assembly of Gigantic Polyoxometalate Clusters.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same journal

Fundamentals, Measurement and Regulation of the Conductance of Single Molecule Junctions.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same journal

Quantitative Photoswitching of Spin States in o-Fluoroazobenzene-Loaded Metal-Organic Frameworks.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same journal

Cobalt Nanoparticles Confined in Defective Carbon Matrices for Robust Intermittent CO<sub>2</sub> Methanation.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same journal

Copper(II/III) Redox Couple Enables C─H Methylation via a Radical Mechanism Analogous to SAM Enzymes.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same journal

Ring Strain Engineering of Cyclic Ethers for High-Performance Sodium Metal Batteries.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same journal

Bond Length as a Unified Descriptor for Stable Iodine Battery.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry
07:17

Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry

Published on: August 1, 2017

13.1K

Programmable Microwaveable Chemistry in the Chemputer.

Jacopo Zero1, Ekaterina Trushina1, Niclas Grocholski1

  • 1School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|November 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces an automated platform with two microwave modules for enhanced laboratory synthesis. It enables safe, scalable, and versatile microwave-driven chemical reactions, advancing automated chemistry.

Keywords:
AutomationChemputationDigital chemistryMicrowave chemistrySolid‐Phase synthesis

More Related Videos

A Microwave-Assisted Direct Heteroarylation of Ketones Using Transition Metal Catalysis
07:06

A Microwave-Assisted Direct Heteroarylation of Ketones Using Transition Metal Catalysis

Published on: February 16, 2020

8.5K
An Inexpensive Adaptation of a Commercial Microwave Reactor for Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis
06:19

An Inexpensive Adaptation of a Commercial Microwave Reactor for Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis

Published on: November 22, 2024

753

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry
07:17

Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry

Published on: August 1, 2017

13.1K
A Microwave-Assisted Direct Heteroarylation of Ketones Using Transition Metal Catalysis
07:06

A Microwave-Assisted Direct Heteroarylation of Ketones Using Transition Metal Catalysis

Published on: February 16, 2020

8.5K
An Inexpensive Adaptation of a Commercial Microwave Reactor for Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis
06:19

An Inexpensive Adaptation of a Commercial Microwave Reactor for Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis

Published on: November 22, 2024

753

Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Organic Synthesis
  • Laboratory Automation

Background:

  • Laboratory automation is crucial for advancing chemical processes, requiring sophisticated software and modular hardware.
  • Integrating microwave-assisted synthesis into automated platforms faces challenges in standardization, scalability, and safety.
  • Existing automated systems have limitations in handling diverse microwave-driven chemical reactions efficiently and safely.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate an automated platform for microwave-assisted synthesis.
  • To integrate two distinct microwave modules for precise temperature control and real-time monitoring.
  • To demonstrate the platform's capability in executing a variety of chemical reactions under automated control.

Main Methods:

  • The platform features two microwave modules: one with a coaxial antenna (450 W, 2.45 GHz) and another with a pressurized flow-cell cavity and in-situ infrared sensing.
  • Automated control was achieved using the Chemical Description Language (χDL), encompassing over 680 base steps.
  • Validation involved executing six diverse reactions, including O-alkylations, Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings, ring-closing metathesis, and solid-phase peptide synthesis.

Main Results:

  • The automated platform successfully executed various microwave-assisted reactions, including O-alkylations, Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings, ring-closing metathesis, and solid-phase peptide synthesis.
  • Reaction times ranged from 2 to 20 hours, with volumes varying from 10 to 250 mL, showcasing robustness and versatility.
  • The platform demonstrated safe and scalable microwave-driven synthesis capabilities, extending the Chemputer's functionality.

Conclusions:

  • The developed automated platform offers a robust and versatile solution for microwave-assisted synthesis.
  • Integration of distinct microwave modules and advanced control software enables safe and scalable chemical processes.
  • This work lays the foundation for broader adoption of programmable, automated chemistry, particularly for microwave-driven reactions.