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Quantized Decay Charges in Non-Hermitian Networks Characterized by Directed Graphs.

Wenwen Liu1, Junyao Wu2, Li Zhang1,2

  • 1The University of Hong Kong, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Department of Physics, Hong Kong 999077, China.

Physical Review Letters
|November 30, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered pure decay modes in non-Hermitian systems, distinct from the traditional non-Hermitian skin effect (NHSE). These modes exhibit exponential decay and are characterized by a novel topological invariant called quantized decay charge.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Quantum mechanics
  • Topological physics

Background:

  • Non-Hermitian physics explores systems with unique phenomena not found in Hermitian systems.
  • The non-Hermitian skin effect (NHSE) localizes eigenstates at system boundaries due to non-reciprocal interactions.
  • Traditional NHSE exhibits oscillatory wave patterns in localized eigenstates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce a new class of non-Hermitian systems featuring pure decay modes.
  • Characterize these pure decay modes and their topological properties.
  • Explore versatile configurations and experimental validation of these modes.

Main Methods:

  • Modeling non-Hermitian systems as directed graphs with nonreciprocal hopping.
  • Defining and analyzing quantized decay charges as a topological invariant.
  • Deriving universal conditions for the existence of pure decay modes.

Main Results:

  • Identified pure decay modes with smooth exponential decay, unlike traditional NHSE.
  • Introduced quantized decay charges as a novel topological invariant.
  • Demonstrated versatile configurations including 1D rings, complex directed graphs, and higher-dimensional lattices.
  • Experimental validation using microwave resonant circuits confirmed pure decay profiles.

Conclusions:

  • Pure decay modes represent a new class of phenomena in non-Hermitian physics.
  • Quantized decay charge serves as a robust topological invariant for these modes.
  • The findings enable diverse physical realizations and suggest applications in photonics and signal processing.