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Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

Colors and Magnetism

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...

Band Theory

Band Theory

When two or more atoms come together to form a molecule, their atomic orbitals combine and molecular orbitals of distinct energies result. In a solid, there are a large number of atoms, and therefore a large number of atomic orbitals that may be combined into molecular orbitals. These groups of molecular orbitals are so closely placed together to form continuous regions of energies, known as the bands.
The energy difference between these bands is known as the band gap.
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Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Published on: March 24, 2019

Giant Nonreciprocal Band Structure Effect in a Multiferroic Material.

Srdjan Stavrić^1,2, Giuseppe Cuono², Baishun Yang²

¹University of Belgrade, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, P. O. Box 522, RS-11001 Belgrade, Serbia.

Physical Review Letters

|November 30, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Multiferroic materials like EuO exhibit a giant, switchable nonreciprocal band structure effect due to spin-orbit coupling. This phenomenon enables a colossal bulk photovoltaic response, paving the way for novel electronic functionalities.

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Published on: October 5, 2013

Area of Science:

Condensed matter physics
Materials science
Solid-state physics

Background:

Multiferroic materials integrate ferroelectric and ferromagnetic properties.
These materials can exhibit complex electronic band structures.
Understanding band phenomena is key to novel electronic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and characterize a nonreciprocal band structure effect in a multiferroic material.
To explore the role of magnetic symmetries in enabling this effect.
To investigate the potential for a significant bulk photovoltaic response.

Main Methods:

Density functional theory calculations.
Symmetry analysis of electronic band structures.
Investigation of spin-orbit coupling effects.

Main Results:

EuO identified as a prototypical multiferroic system.
Discovery of a giant, switchable nonreciprocal band structure effect.
Demonstration of the critical role of magnetic symmetries beyond inversion and time-reversal breaking.
Prediction of a colossal bulk photovoltaic response with unprecedented injection currents.

Conclusions:

Multiferroic EuO exhibits a significant nonreciprocal band structure effect.
This effect is driven by spin-orbit coupling and specific magnetic symmetries.
The predicted photovoltaic response offers potential for advanced cross-functional devices.