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Standardized subxiphoid echocardiography in swine: procedural guide and reference values.

Sebastian Billig¹, Matthias Derwall², Moritz Uhlig¹

¹Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.

Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine

|December 1, 2025

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Subxiphoid echocardiography (SE) in swine provides high-quality cardiac imaging via minimally invasive access. This study standardizes the SE technique and offers crucial reference values for preclinical research.

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Imaging
Preclinical Research Models
Minimally Invasive Techniques

Background:

Subxiphoid echocardiography (SE) is a minimally invasive cardiac imaging technique for swine models.
A detailed methodology for SE, including surgical approach and imaging planes, is currently lacking.
Standardization is needed to establish reference values for SE in preclinical research.

Purpose of the Study:

To standardize subxiphoid echocardiography (SE) using a subxiphoid surgical approach in preclinical swine models.
To provide essential reference values for SE parameters in future translational research.

Main Methods:

SE was performed in 19 female German Landrace pigs under general anesthesia.
A small subxiphoid incision was utilized to optimize image acquisition.

Keywords:

echocardiography speckle tracking subxiphoid echocardiography swine translational research

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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in the Rabbit Model

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Published on: May 26, 2023

Echocardiographic Assessment Using Subxiphoid-Only Examination for Hypotensive Patients

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Published on: April 18, 2025

Echocardiographic imaging protocol included apical 2-, 3-, and 5-chamber views, Doppler measurements, and speckle tracking for myocardial deformation assessment.

Main Results:

High-quality images of both ventricles were consistently achieved.
Stable anesthesia and physiological blood gas values were maintained.
Reference values obtained: LV ejection fraction 67%±11%, LV-GLS -22.4%±3.3%, RV free wall longitudinal strain -23.7%±5%, Aortic valve Vmax 1.6±0.3 m/s.

Conclusions:

SE provides a standardized and reproducible method for high-quality cardiac imaging in swine.
The study offers procedural guidance and reference values for SE in translational research.
This technique enhances the utility of swine models for cardiovascular studies.