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A Noninvasive Hair Sampling Technique to Obtain High Quality DNA from Elusive Small Mammals

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Whole-Genome Data to Investigate Recent and Historical Dog Introgression Patterns in Italian Wolves.

D Battilani^1,2,3,4, J Ramos Madrigal⁴, L M Hennelly^4,5,6

¹Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach San Michele All'adige Italy.

Ecology and Evolution

|December 1, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Anthropogenic hybridization between Italian wolves (Canis lupus italicus) and domestic dogs has left historical genomic footprints. These introgressions, even at low levels, may influence wolf evolution and traits across generations.

Keywords:

Canis lupus italicus admixture timing anthropogenic hybridization behavior‐related genes dog introgression selection

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Area of Science:

Genomics
Evolutionary Biology
Conservation Genetics

Background:

Anthropogenic hybridization can alter wild species' traits and ecological roles.
Large carnivores like gray wolves (Canis lupus) are increasingly interacting with human-dominated landscapes.
Italian wolves (C. l. italicus) face significant hybridization with domestic dogs, impacting their conservation.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the extent and timing of domestic dog ancestry in Italian wolves.
To investigate dog introgression in genes related to behavior in Italian wolves.
To explore the long-term evolutionary impact of historical wolf-dog hybridization.

Main Methods:

Whole-genome data analysis of worldwide wolf and dog populations.
Quantification of genome-wide dog ancestry in 17 Italian wolves.
Identification and dating of introgression events in behavior-related genes.

Main Results:

Five Italian wolves showed 1%-20% dog ancestry from admixture events 3-7 generations prior.
No recent dog introgression excess was found in behavior-related genes.
Historical introgression signals under selection were identified in genes linked to neuronal plasticity, photoreceptor development, and immune responses, dating back to the Bronze Age and Middle Ages.

Conclusions:

Historical wolf-dog hybridization has left significant genomic imprints on Italian wolf populations.
Even limited non-native ancestry can have lasting evolutionary consequences.
Phenotypic effects of hybridization may persist across generations, influencing adaptation and evolution.