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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
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Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
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Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral01:25

Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral

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The administration of drugs via parenteral routes allows for direct drug introduction into the systemic circulation, resulting in high bioavailability because the medication bypasses the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and hepatic metabolism.
The intravenous route (IV) of drug administration can be further categorized into two types. The bolus injection administers the entire dose rapidly, while an intravenous infusion slowly delivers smaller doses steadily.
The IV route is often...
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Non-Oral Extravascular Drug Absorption Routes01:15

Non-Oral Extravascular Drug Absorption Routes

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Non-oral extravascular routes, which encompass sublingual, buccal, topical, intramuscular, and inhalation methods, primarily utilize passive diffusion to transport drugs into the systemic circulation. The absorption rates and effectiveness of these routes depend on the drug's physicochemical properties, as well as the patient's anatomical and pathophysiological state.
Lipophilic drugs that are stable at salivary pH (6) and exhibit minimal binding to the oral mucosa are absorbed more...
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Routes of Drug Administration: Overview01:22

Routes of Drug Administration: Overview

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Drug administration involves delivering drugs to the body through various routes, such as enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral administration refers to drugs absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. They can be swallowed (perorally), placed under the tongue (sublingually), or on the inner lining of the cheeks (buccally). Perorally administered drugs take time to be absorbed and have a slower onset of action. The rectal route is another form of enteral administration, which allows for...
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Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Author Spotlight: Innovative Microneedle-Based Strategies for Enhanced Exosome Delivery and Stability
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Local and Systemic Drug Delivery Using Responsive Microneedles.

Dutong Liu1,2, Masood Ali3,4, Heather A E Benson2

  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.

ACS Nano
|December 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Responsive microneedles (μNDs) offer smart, on-demand drug delivery by reacting to stimuli. This review covers advancements, challenges, and future directions for these advanced drug delivery systems.

Keywords:
Endogenous stimuliExogeneous stimuliLocal drug deliveryMicroarray patchesMicroneedlesOn-demand drug deliveryStimuli-responsive drug deliverySystemic drug deliveryTransdermal drug delivery system

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Microneedles (μNDs) are minimally invasive drug delivery systems known for painless administration and improved drug permeability.
  • Responsive μNDs are gaining traction for their ability to release drugs precisely upon stimulation, enabling targeted therapies.
  • These systems offer potential for both localized and systemic drug delivery applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in responsive microneedle technology.
  • To explore stimuli (endogenous and exogenous) that trigger drug release from μNDs for specific diseases.
  • To discuss challenges and future prospects for clinical translation of responsive μNDs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent scientific publications on responsive microneedles.
  • Analysis of different types of stimuli used to activate microneedle drug release.
  • Examination of challenges including scalability, biocompatibility, and regulatory hurdles.

Main Results:

  • Responsive μNDs can be triggered by a variety of physiological and external signals for controlled drug release.
  • Recent developments show promise in tailoring responsive μNDs for specific disease targets and application sites.
  • Key challenges remain in scaling up production, ensuring biocompatibility, and navigating regulatory pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Responsive microneedles represent a significant advancement in smart drug delivery systems.
  • Further research and development are needed to overcome current challenges for successful clinical translation.
  • Optimizing responsive μNDs design holds potential for next-generation therapeutic strategies.