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Related Concept Videos

Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery01:19

Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery

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Here is a stepwise guide to assessing the body temperature at the temporal artery using a temporal artery thermometer
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don a fresh pair of gloves to prevent cross-infection and ensure patient safety.
Step 2: Explain the procedure to the patient to establish trust. Clear communication establishes trust with the patient, ensures they understand what to expect, promotes cooperation, and enhances comfort during the procedure.  
Step 3: Assess the patient's...
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Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature01:13

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

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Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...
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Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla

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Procedural Guide for Assessing Axillary Body Temperature using a Digital Thermometer:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and put on clean gloves to maintain infection control and prevent cross-contamination.
Step 2: Prepare the patient by explaining the procedure to ensure understanding and cooperation. Ensure privacy, expose the axilla, and inform the patient that minimal movement is crucial for an accurate reading.
Step 3: Adjust the patient’s clothing to expose only the axilla. It minimizes...
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Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

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A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
3.1K
Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal01:27

Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal

11.1K
Rectal temperature measurement is considered the most precise method for assessing core body temperature and typically registers higher than oral temperature. For adults, the rectal thermometer should be inserted 1 to 1.5 inches into the rectum to obtain the most accurate reading.
Follow these steps for rectal temperature assessment:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don clean gloves to prevent cross-infection.
Step 2: Position the patient in a side-lying position to better visualize the rectal...
11.1K
Assessing Body Temperature - Oral01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Oral

1.4K
Here are the steps to accurately measure oral temperature using an electronic thermometer:
Step 1:
Start by practicing proper hand hygiene to prevent the spread of microorganisms.
Step 2:
Take the thermometer out of the charging unit, switch it on, and wait for the ready sign.
Step 3:
Gently slide the probe cover until a click is heard. This simple action prevents cross-contamination and ensures the correct placement of the probe cover.
Step 4:
Instruct the patient to open their mouth and place...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Collecting Sleep, Circadian, Fatigue, and Performance Data in Complex Operational Environments
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Wrist temperature as a sleep marker in actigraphy.

Camilo Rodrigues Neto1, Fabiana Carvalho2, Dora Grassi-Kassisse3

  • 1School of Arts, Science and Humanities, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

Chronobiology International
|December 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Wrist temperature changes can accurately signal sleep onset and offset. This finding supports using wearable actigraphy devices with integrated temperature sensors for improved sleep monitoring, even in diverse climates.

Keywords:
Sleep monitoringactigraphycircadian rhythmssleep offsetsleep onsettemperature sensorswearable deviceswrist temperature

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Sleep Science
  • Wearable Technology

Background:

  • Sleep onset is associated with a reduction in core body temperature (CBT), leading to increased distal skin temperature.
  • Actigraphy devices, used for monitoring sleep and circadian rhythms, increasingly feature integrated temperature sensors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the utility of wrist skin temperature data from actigraphy for precise determination of sleep onset and offset.
  • To assess the robustness of temperature-based sleep transition markers across varied environmental conditions and participant groups.

Main Methods:

  • Collected activity and distal skin temperature data using actigraphy devices from participants in diverse Brazilian climates and from night-shift workers.
  • Analyzed the temporal relationship between wrist temperature fluctuations and documented sleep transitions (onset and offset).

Main Results:

  • Wrist temperature showed a consistent, slight rise before and a significant rise after sleep onset.
  • Wrist temperature exhibited a slight decrease before and a marked decrease after sleep offset.
  • These temperature patterns were observed regardless of environmental temperature or time of day, demonstrating robustness across latitudes and seasons.

Conclusions:

  • Wrist skin temperature serves as a reliable physiological marker for contextualizing sleep-wake transitions within actigraphy data.
  • Integrating temperature sensors into actigraphy can enhance non-invasive, large-scale sleep monitoring, particularly for individuals in varied environmental settings.