Algorithmic Approach to Management of Complex Scalp and Calvarial Burn Injuries

Scalp burns pose a unique challenge to the reconstructive surgeon given the anatomical characteristics of the head and neck. This challenge is magnified in severe burn injuries extending to the calvarial bone. Several algorithms for scalp and calvarial reconstruction have been presented in the past. However, no consensus exists about the optimal reconstructive approach. Our aim is to develop a novel algorithm for scalp burn reconstruction based on the relevant literature as well as case observations from the growing multidisciplinary field of neuroplastic surgery.

A literature review of articles on PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science focused on scalp and calvarial burn management was conducted. We also present relevant cases from our institution that demonstrate the neuroplastic surgery approach to reconstruction of complex burns in this region. An algorithmic approach based on relevant anatomy, reconstructive principles, and surgical techniques ranging from primary closure to cranioplasty to reconstruct scalp and skull defects following burns is proposed.

A novel algorithmic approach based on the Harrison classification of injury was developed based on our literature review. We also present 2 relevant cases from our neuroplastic surgery practice. We determined that the initial and most important factor in scalp and calvarial management is the integrity of the pericranium. Other factors such as patient's compliance and cosmetic needs may also determine treatment approach.

Management of scalp burns can be simplified using an algorithmic approach. We anticipate this work will help guide and improve reconstructive management for scalp and calvarial burn patients for reconstructive surgeons, burn surgeons, and particularly surgeons in resource-poor settings faced with treating severe scalp and calvarial burns.