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Related Concept Videos

Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers01:28

Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers

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The practical equivalent circuits of single-phase two-winding transformers exhibit significant deviations from their idealized versions due to the inherent properties of winding resistance and finite core permeability. These properties result in real and reactive power losses, affecting the transformer's performance. Understanding these deviations is crucial for designing more efficient transformers.
In a practical transformer, each winding exhibits resistance and leakage reactance. The...
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Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios01:25

Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios

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In scenarios involving parallel transformers with disparate ratings, developing per-unit models requires accommodating off-nominal turns ratios. This situation arises when the selected base voltages are not proportional to the transformer’s voltage ratings. Consider a transformer where the rated voltages are related by the term a. If the chosen voltage bases satisfy a relationship involving term b, term c is defined as the ratio of these bases. This ratio is then substituted into the...
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Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

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A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...
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Energy Losses in Transformers01:21

Energy Losses in Transformers

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In an ideal transformer, it is assumed that there are no energy losses, and, hence, all the power at the primary winding is transferred to the secondary winding. However, in reality,  the transformers always have some energy losses, and, hence, the output power obtained at the secondary winding is less than the input power at the primary winding due to energy losses.
There are four main reasons for energy losses in transformers.
The first cause can be  the high resistance of the...
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Instrument Transformers01:23

Instrument Transformers

426
Instrument transformers, comprising voltage transformers (VTs) and current transformers (CTs), play crucial roles in power substations by providing isolated replicas of current or voltage for measurement and protection purposes. Voltage transformers reduce the primary voltage to levels suitable for relay operation and measurement, while current transformers scale down the primary current. The primary winding of a current transformer often consists of a single turn, achieved by threading the...
426
Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

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Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
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OTDR trace distortion correction in Raman-amplified systems using transformer models.

Md Ghulam Saber, Qingyi Guo, Zhiping Jiang

    Optics Letters
    |December 1, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    We developed a Transformer model to correct optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) distortions in Raman-amplified systems. This method accurately restores fiber optic traces without needing pump power or reference data, simplifying diagnostics.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Engineering
    • Signal Processing
    • Machine Learning

    Background:

    • Raman-amplified optical systems are prone to distortions in Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) traces.
    • Existing correction methods often require complex parameters like Raman pump power or reference traces.
    • These limitations hinder accurate in-service monitoring and diagnostics of deployed fiber optic networks.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce a novel Transformer model for correcting OTDR trace distortions caused by Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS).
    • To develop a method that operates solely on readily available OTDR trace data, fiber length, and pump wavelengths.
    • To eliminate the need for Raman pump power information and reference traces in distortion correction.

    Main Methods:

    • A Transformer model was designed to predict accumulated SRS gain directly from distorted OTDR traces.
    • The model utilizes the distorted trace, fiber length, and pump wavelengths as inputs.
    • The predicted SRS gain is used to correct the OTDR trace in a single step, removing Raman-induced distortions.

    Main Results:

    • The proposed method significantly reduced the mean squared error (MSE) by over an order of magnitude on a 180 km Raman-amplified span.
    • Baseline trace features and connector losses were restored with high fidelity.
    • The model demonstrated robustness against uncertainties in Raman pump power.

    Conclusions:

    • The Transformer model offers an effective, single-step solution for correcting Raman-induced OTDR distortions.
    • The method simplifies the correction process and enhances robustness, making it suitable for scalable, in-service diagnostics.
    • This approach improves the reliability and accuracy of monitoring high-capacity fiber optic links.