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Related Concept Videos

Potential Due to a Polarized Object01:29

Potential Due to a Polarized Object

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A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...
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The presence of a dielectric medium in a capacitor not only changes the voltage and capacitance but also affects the electric field. In general, dielectrics can be of two types: polar and nonpolar. In a polar dielectric, the positive and negative charges in the molecules are separated by a distance and hence have a permanent dipole moment. In contrast, no such charge separation exists in a nonpolar dielectric, however the nonpolar molecules get polarized in the presence of an external electric...
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Hückel's Rule Diagram of π MOs: Frost Circle01:08

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The Frost circle or the inscribed polygon method is a graphical method for determining the relative energies of π molecular orbitals (MOs) for planar, fully conjugated, and monocyclic compounds. This method was first described by A. A. Frost and Boris Musulin in 1953.
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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Induced Electric Dipoles

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A permanent electric dipole orients itself along an external electric field. This rotation can be quantified by defining the potential energy because the external torque does work in rotating it. Then, the potential energy is minimum at the parallel configuration and maximum at the antiparallel configuration. While the former is a stable equilibrium, the latter is an unstable equilibrium.
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Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
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Fractal polariton topological insulator.

Khalil Sabour, Yaroslav V Kartashov

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    |December 1, 2025
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    Summary

    We demonstrate a novel higher-order polariton topological insulator (HOTI) using fractal geometry. This system enables controllable localization of light modes in fractal corners, opening new possibilities for photonic devices.

    Area of Science:

    • Condensed Matter Physics
    • Photonics
    • Topological Materials

    Background:

    • Higher-order topological insulators (HOTIs) offer unique edge and corner states.
    • Fractal geometries present complex structures with potential for novel physical phenomena.
    • Polaritonics combines quantum optics and condensed matter physics for light-matter interactions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To realize a higher-order polariton topological insulator (HOTI) in a fractal microcavity system.
    • To investigate the localization of light modes in the corners of Sierpiński gasket-like fractal structures.
    • To explore nonlinear optical control over these localized modes.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of microcavity pillars arranged in a fractal (Sierpiński gasket) geometry.

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  • Utilizing resonant optical pumping to excite nonlinear corner modes.
  • Performing linear stability analysis to confirm the dynamical stability of the localized states.

    • Main Results:

    • Demonstrated a fractal HOTI supporting localized modes in external or internal corners based on structural distortion.
    • Achieved selective excitation of nonlinear polariton corner modes via optical pumping.
    • Observed polariton-polariton interactions leading to resonance curve tilting and bistability, enabling control over mode profiles.

    Conclusions:

    • Nontrivial topology can manifest in self-similar, aperiodic fractal structures.
    • Fractal geometry offers new pathways for light localization in polariton HOTIs.
    • Controllable nonlinear corner modes show promise for advanced photonic applications.