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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Structures of the Endocrine System00:59

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The intricate framework of the endocrine system encompasses a diverse array of glands, with their target tissues and organs strategically distributed throughout the body. Central to this network are the endocrine glands, specialized structures that lack ducts and release hormones directly into the interstitial fluid. Notably, the hypothalamus, a vital neuroendocrine organ situated in the brain, governs neural functions and serves as a potent source of hormonal regulation. Near the hypothalamus...
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The endocrine system, a complex network of glands, orchestrates physiological balance within the body through the production and secretion of hormones. These hormones are chemical messengers in intercellular communication, acting as conduits between the secretory cells and distant target sites. They traverse the circulatory system by being released into the extracellular fluid, and their impact is specific to cells possessing receptors for a particular hormone.
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Preclinical development consists of a series of tests that ensure the safety and efficacy of a new therapeutic compound before it is tested in humans. There are four main phases to this process. First, safety pharmacology tests are conducted to ensure the drug does not produce any acutely harmful effects. These tests examine parameters such as bronchoconstriction, cardiac dysrhythmias, blood pressure changes, and ataxia. Next, preliminary toxicological testing is performed to determine the...
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Related Experiment Video

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EndoCompass Project: Research Roadmap for Thyroid Endocrinology.

Agnieszka Piekielko-Witkowska1, Rossella Elisei2, Juliane Léger3

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Centre of Translational Research, Warsaw, Poland.

Hormone Research in Paediatrics
|December 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Strategic research priorities for thyroid disorders were identified to address underfunding in endocrine science. This roadmap aims to reduce the burden of thyroid diseases by focusing on mechanisms, diagnostics, and treatments.

Keywords:
Autoimmune thyroid diseaseCongenital hypothyroidismEndocrine-disrupting chemicalsGraves’ diseaseHashimoto’s thyroiditisMedullary thyroid cancerMicrobiomeSubclinical thyroid diseaseThyroidThyroid cancer

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and thyroidology research.

Background:

  • Endocrine science is underrepresented in EU research funding, despite the importance of hormone health.
  • A gap exists between the societal impact of endocrine disorders and research prioritization.
  • The EndoCompass project aims to define strategic research priorities in endocrine science.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and promote strategic research priorities in endocrine science, specifically for thyroid disorders.
  • To address critical hormone-related health challenges within the European Union.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the EU CORDIS database (Horizon 2020 framework).
  • Expert consultations in thyroid endocrinology.
  • Stakeholder engagement with society members and patient advocacy groups.

Main Results:

  • Identified research priorities for neoplastic and nonneoplastic thyroid conditions.
  • Priorities include disease mechanisms, diagnostics, treatments, and environmental/metabolic factors.
  • Key areas: personalized medicine, AI, and pan-European registries for rare thyroid conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The EndoCompass thyroid component offers a roadmap for research investment in thyroid disease.
  • Identifies crucial areas for investigating pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment.
  • Aims to reduce the burden of thyroid disorders and align research funding with high-impact areas.