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Related Concept Videos

Reliability and Validity01:29

Reliability and Validity

Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.

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Related Experiment Video

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Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
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Auditory test of processing speed: Further validation and test-retest reliability.

Jacob Balconi1, Michael Jaworski2, Omid Mirmosayyeb1

  • 1Jacobs Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 1001 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.

Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders
|December 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The improved Auditory Test of Processing Speed (ATOPS) effectively distinguishes people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) from healthy volunteers and identifies cognitive impairment. This auditory cognitive test shows promising reliability for assessing processing speed in PwMS.

Keywords:
CognitionMultiple sclerosisNeuropsychological testsProcessing speedPsychometrics

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Clinical Assessment

Background:

  • The Auditory Test of Processing Speed (ATOPS) is a novel cognitive assessment designed for people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), minimizing visual and non-speed cognitive demands.
  • Previous findings indicated promising validity and patient acceptability for the initial ATOPS version.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate an enhanced version of the ATOPS for its known-groups validity, construct validity, and test-retest reliability.
  • To assess the ATOPS's ability to differentiate between individuals with and without multiple sclerosis, and between cognitively impaired and preserved PwMS.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 42 PwMS and 48 healthy volunteers (HVs) completed the improved ATOPS and standard neuropsychological tests.
  • Statistical analyses included comparisons for group discrimination and Pearson correlations for convergent validity and reliability.

Main Results:

  • The ATOPS demonstrated significant ability to discriminate between PwMS and HVs (d = 0.769-1.298).
  • Correlations with the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) supported convergent validity (|r|= 0.344-0.536).
  • The test effectively differentiated cognitively impaired from cognitively preserved PwMS on more challenging subtests (d = 0.890-0.995), with test-retest correlations ranging from r = 0.488-0.803.

Conclusions:

  • The evaluated ATOPS version exhibits strong known-groups validity and acceptable test-retest reliability for assessing processing speed in PwMS.
  • Manual data entry may impact reliability; a revised ATOPS incorporating voice recognition is under development and evaluation.