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Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
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VEER: a void-aware energy efficient routing algorithm for underwater wireless sensor networks.

Gulista Khan1, Kamal Kumar Gola2,3, Wajid Ali4

  • 1Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, India. gulista.khan@gmail.com.

Scientific Reports
|December 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Void-aware Energy Efficient Routing (VEER) enhances underwater sensor networks by optimizing data transmission. This new routing scheme effectively reduces energy consumption and improves network reliability in challenging underwater environments.

Keywords:
Node forwarding suitability (NFS)UWSNVoid probability estimation (VPE)Void region

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Network Engineering
  • Wireless Communication

Background:

  • Underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) face significant challenges including void regions, high latency, and limited energy resources.
  • Acoustic communication in UWSNs leads to high power consumption and dynamic network topologies due to node mobility.
  • Efficient routing is critical for reliable data delivery and network survivability in UWSNs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel routing scheme, Void-aware Energy Efficient Routing (VEER), for UWSNs.
  • To optimize path selection by incorporating contextual metrics to address void regions and energy efficiency.
  • To enhance data transmission reliability and network longevity in underwater environments.

Main Methods:

  • Introduced new metrics: Node Forwarding Suitability (NFS), Energy Cost per Unit (ECT), and Void Probability Estimation (VPE).
  • NFS combines node energy level, depth, and proximity to the sink.
  • VEER dynamically penalizes energy-intensive links and nodes near void areas, incorporating a void avoidance recovery mode.

Main Results:

  • VEER demonstrated significant improvements over conventional schemes: 10-14% fewer hops, 18-22% higher residual energy, and a 0.91-0.94 packet delivery ratio.
  • Achieved a minimum end-to-end delay of 1.9 seconds among compared algorithms.
  • Validated VEER's effectiveness in reducing transmission failures and conserving energy.

Conclusions:

  • VEER is an effective solution for efficient and reliable data forwarding in UWSNs.
  • The proposed metrics and dynamic routing strategy successfully mitigate challenges posed by void regions and energy scarcity.
  • VEER contributes to improved network performance and longevity in underwater sensor networks.