Trace papaverine analysis in biological samples after preconcentration by UA-D-μ-SPE method using a new magnetic GO-MOF nanocomposite

Sara Zolfaghari ¹, Somayeh Arghavani-Beydokhti ², Ali B Roomi ³

⁰Department of Chemistry, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.

Scientific Reports +

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December 1, 2025

View abstract on PubMed

Summary

A new green ultrasound-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (UA-D-μ-SPE) method uses a magnetic graphene oxide/metal-organic framework (GO/MOF) nanocomposite for papaverine analysis. This cost-effective technique offers high sensitivity and efficiency for complex biological samples.

Area Of Science

Analytical Chemistry
Materials Science
Green Chemistry

Background

Accurate quantification of pharmaceuticals in biological matrices is crucial for clinical research.
Traditional sample preparation methods can be time-consuming, costly, and environmentally unfriendly.
Development of efficient and sustainable extraction techniques is needed for trace-level pharmaceutical analysis.

Purpose Of The Study

To develop and optimize a novel, green, and cost-effective ultrasound-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (UA-D-μ-SPE) method.
To utilize a magnetic graphene oxide/metal-organic framework (GO/MOF) nanocomposite as a sorbent for papaverine preconcentration.
To apply the developed method for the analysis of papaverine in complex biological media.

Main Methods

Synthesis and characterization of a magnetic GO/MOF nanocomposite using FT-IR, FE-SEM, XRD, EDS, VSM, and BET.
Optimization of UA-D-μ-SPE parameters using Central Composite Design (CCD) for efficient extraction.
Analysis of papaverine using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV).

Main Results

The synthesized GO/MOF nanocomposite exhibited high surface area, sorption capacity, stability, and reusability.
The UA-D-μ-SPE method achieved excellent analytical performance with a Limit of Detection (LOD) of 0.09 ng/mL and Limit of Quantification (LOQ) of 0.3 ng/mL.
High recoveries (95.24-98.08%) were obtained for papaverine in biological samples, demonstrating method applicability in complex matrices.

Conclusions

The novel UA-D-μ-SPE method employing a magnetic GO/MOF nanocomposite is highly sensitive, selective, and environmentally sustainable.
This technique significantly reduces sample preparation time and operational costs compared to conventional methods.
The developed method shows great potential as a reliable tool for trace-level pharmaceutical analysis in biomedical and clinical research.

Keywords:

Central composite design D-μ-SPE Graphene oxide Magnetized nanocomposite Metal organic frameworks Papaverine