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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings....

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

Published on: March 12, 2020

Microstate-based Neurofeedback in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Population: A Randomized Controlled

Victor Férat¹, Marie-Pierre Deiber^2,3, Roland Hasler^3,4

¹Functional Brain Mapping Laboratory, Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. victor.ferat@unige.ch.

Brain Topography

|December 1, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study explored microstate D neurofeedback for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). While patients could increase microstate D, downregulation was ineffective, showing potential for specific neurofeedback applications in ADHD.

Keywords:

ADHD EEG Microstates Neurofeedback Psychiatric disorders

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Published on: August 24, 2017

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Clinical Psychology
Biomedical Engineering

Background:

Traditional spectral neuromarker neurofeedback for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) faces efficacy and replication challenges.
Microstate D, a fronto-central EEG activity pattern linked to attention, is increasingly implicated in ADHD.
This study investigates microstate D as a novel neurofeedback target for ADHD.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the efficacy of neurofeedback in modulating microstate D in adult ADHD patients.
To examine short-term neurobehavioral correlates of microstate D neurofeedback.
To evaluate the specificity and safety of microstate D-based neurofeedback.

Main Methods:

A within-subject, crossover design was used with 19 adult ADHD patients.
Participants underwent two counterbalanced neurofeedback sessions: one for upregulating microstate D, the other for downregulating it.
EEG data was analyzed to assess microstate D modulation and neurobehavioral effects.

Main Results:

Adult ADHD patients could voluntarily increase microstate D during upregulation feedback.
No significant changes in microstate D were observed during the downregulation session.
Neurofeedback control of microstate D was specific to closed-loop feedback, not task engagement; no short-term neurobehavioral effects were detected.
The intervention was safe, with no moderate or major adverse effects reported.

Conclusions:

Microstate D neurofeedback shows specificity and safety in adult ADHD patients, despite limitations in statistical power.
While short-term clinical improvements were not observed, the study demonstrates the feasibility of microstate-based neurofeedback protocols.
Findings provide valuable technical and methodological insights for future research in ADHD neurofeedback.