Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation

Auscultation, an essential part of a heart examination, is done using a stethoscope. It provides crucial information about heart function and possible heart problems. Due to heart problems, abnormal sounds can be heard during systole or diastole. These sounds include S3 and S4 gallops, opening snaps, systolic clicks, and murmurs.
Abnormal Heart Sounds
Gallops:

Heart Sounds

Heart Sounds

Heart sounds are generated by the turbulence in blood flow due to the closing of heart valves. These sounds are best perceived slightly away from the valves, where the blood flow disseminates the sound.
Auscultation is the process of listening to these internal body sounds using a stethoscope. The heart produces four types of sounds, but only two—S1 and S2—can usually be heard with a stethoscope.
S1, also known as the "lub" sound, is caused by the closure of atrioventricular (A-V)...

Pulse rhythm

Pulse rhythm

Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
Conversely, an irregular pulse pattern is termed dysrhythmia, stemming from disruptions in cardiac...

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System IV: Auscultation

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System IV: Auscultation

Cardiac auscultation is a clinical skill used to assess heart function and detect abnormalities. It involves listening to heart sounds at specific anatomical locations through a stethoscope.
Normal Heart Sounds
S1 (First Heart Sound)-
S1 is made by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves (atrioventricular valves), marking the beginning of systole.
S2 (Second Heart Sound)-
S2 is made by the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves (semilunar valves), marking the end of the systole.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Machine learning approaches to identify genetic markers for goat climatic adaptation.

3 Biotech·2026

Same author

Whole-genome resequencing suggests adaptive role of copy number variation regions in Indian cattle.

Tropical animal health and production·2026

Same author

Identification and Characterization of Sepsis Phenotypes in an Indian Cohort.

Critical care research and practice·2026

Same author

Comparison of ridge mapping using bone caliper, stone cast, CBCT and direct measurement in treatment planning of dental implants.

Bioinformation·2026

Same author

Marginal adaptation of zirconium dioxide crowns prepared with four different finish lines: An <i>in vitro</i> study.

Bioinformation·2026

Same author

Mapping genomic adaptation to environmental heterogeneity in Indian native goat populations through landscape genomics.

Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Machine Learning-Based Cough Tone Classification: Diagnostic Exploration of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Respiratory Tract Infections

Machine Learning-Based Cough Tone Classification: Diagnostic Exploration of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Respiratory Tract Infections

Published on: September 19, 2025

Transfer learning based cardiac murmur detection in phonocardiogram signals using spectrograms.

Pratibha Dohare¹, Unmesh Shukla², Diptadeep Bhattacharjee³

¹Cluster Innovation Centre, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.

Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering

|December 2, 2025

Summary

This study enhances cardiac murmur detection in phonocardiogram (PCG) signals using transfer learning. The best combination of Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) spectrograms and VGG19 model achieved 89.44% accuracy.

Keywords:

Heart sound classification machine learning phonocardiogram spectrogram transfer learning

More Related Videos

Asthma Detection Research Based on Voice Signal Processing and Machine Learning

Asthma Detection Research Based on Voice Signal Processing and Machine Learning

Published on: July 22, 2025

Retrospective Cardiac Gating with A Prototype Small-Animal X-ray Computed Tomograph

Retrospective Cardiac Gating with A Prototype Small-Animal X-ray Computed Tomograph

Published on: February 21, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Machine Learning-Based Cough Tone Classification: Diagnostic Exploration of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Respiratory Tract Infections

Machine Learning-Based Cough Tone Classification: Diagnostic Exploration of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Respiratory Tract Infections

Published on: September 19, 2025

Asthma Detection Research Based on Voice Signal Processing and Machine Learning

Asthma Detection Research Based on Voice Signal Processing and Machine Learning

Published on: July 22, 2025

Retrospective Cardiac Gating with A Prototype Small-Animal X-ray Computed Tomograph

Retrospective Cardiac Gating with A Prototype Small-Animal X-ray Computed Tomograph

Published on: February 21, 2025

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Signal Processing
Artificial Intelligence

Background:

Cardiac murmurs are abnormal heart sounds requiring accurate detection.
Phonocardiogram (PCG) signals offer valuable diagnostic information.
Automated detection of cardiac murmurs can improve diagnostic efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the efficacy of transfer learning architectures for cardiac murmur detection in PCG signals.
To compare different feature extraction techniques and deep learning models for improved accuracy.
To optimize signal preprocessing for enhanced murmur identification.

Main Methods:

Denoising of PCG signals using a fourth-order Butterworth bandpass filter and Savitzky-Golay filtering.
Generation of spectrograms using Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT), Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC), and Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT).
Training of VGG16, VGG19, ResNet50, and InceptionV3 models on generated spectrograms for binary classification.

Main Results:

The combination of CWT spectrograms and the VGG19 model achieved the highest accuracy of 89.44%.
Optimized signal denoising significantly improved classification performance.
Various spectrogram and transfer learning model combinations demonstrated superior precision, recall, F1-score, and ROC-AUC.

Conclusions:

Transfer learning architectures show significant promise for automated cardiac murmur detection from PCG signals.
CWT spectrograms combined with deep learning models like VGG19 offer a robust approach.
Further research can refine these methods for clinical application.