Complementary intervention effects of traditional Chinese exercise therapies on T2DM: A scoping review

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is commonly associated with metabolic and vascular disorders. Traditional Chinese exercise (TCE) shows potential benefits for glycemic control, but evidence is fragmented. This review summarizes current evidence on TCE for T2DM management.

Following the PRISMA-ScR framework, this scoping review was conducted based on the PICOS principle to define the research question. Eight English and Chinese databases were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials published up to April 30, 2025, focusing on the use of TCE for T2DM, including Tai Chi, Baduanjin, Qigong, Yijinjing, and Wuqinxi. After applying predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 2 reviewers independently conducted study selection, data extraction, and analysis, while identifying differences across studies.

A total of 78 randomized controlled trials published between 2002 and 2024 were included. Baduanjin and Tai Chi were the most commonly applied interventions. The number of studies on T2DM increased steadily over the years, peaking in 2020 before showing a slight decline. Among the included studies, 73 applied a single traditional exercise modality, while 5 involved a combination of 2 or 3 practices. Fasting plasma glucose (84.61%, 67/78) and glycated hemoglobin (75.64%, 60/78) were the most frequently used efficacy evaluation indicators.

TCE such as Tai Chi, Baduanjin, Qigong, Yijinjing, and Wuqinxi may serve as daily exercise options for patients with T2DM. However, the current body of evidence remains inconsistent and even contradictory. Future research should focus on the standardized integration of TCE with conventional pharmacotherapy and select more appropriate outcome measures.