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Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects
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Beyond Direct Exposure: The Vicarious Nature of Racism on Children's Development

Nneka Ibekwe-Okafor1, Jacqueline Sims2, Sihong Liu3

  • 1The University of Texas at Austin, 110 Inner Campus Drive Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA. niokafor@utexas.edu.

Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities
|December 2, 2025
PubMed

Keywords:
Behavioral developmentBlack child developmentEmotional distressMental wellbeingRacial discriminationVicarious racism

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