Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 6, 2026
06:48
Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment
Published on: June 25, 2019
9.6K
How time shapes letter position flexibility: Testing positional uncertainty and open bigram accounts
Inka Romero-Ortells1, Manuel Perea2,3, Ana Baciero4
1Centro de Investigación Nebrija en Cognición, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain.
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
|December 2, 2025
Summary
The transposed-letter effect in reading diminishes over time, but residual orthographic overlap persists. This suggests reading involves both decaying positional uncertainty and stable sublexical codes.
Area of Science:
- Cognitive Psychology
- Psycholinguistics
- Neuroscience of Language
Background:
- The transposed-letter effect (e.g., CHOLOCATE vs. CHOCOLATE) is key to understanding orthographic processing in reading.
- Positional uncertainty and open bigram models are two main theories explaining this effect.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate how the transposed-letter effect changes over time.
- To differentiate between positional uncertainty and open bigram models.
Main Methods:
- Two delayed lexical decision experiments were conducted.
- Participants performed tasks at 750 ms and 1,500 ms delays.
- Stimuli included transposed-letter nonwords (e.g., CHOLOCATE).
Main Results:
- A significant transposed-letter effect was observed at 750 ms.
- The effect reliably decreased at 1,500 ms, but did not vanish.
- Experiment 2 confirmed the pattern with contrast manipulation.
Conclusions:
- Positional uncertainty in orthographic processing decreases over time.
- Residual effects suggest persistent sublexical orthographic codes (e.g., open bigrams).
- Findings support hybrid models of reading that integrate perceptual and lexical factors.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
01:17Sign Test for Matched Pairs
368
The sign test for matched pairs offers a robust method for comparing two paired samples, often for the effects of an intervention in one of them. This method is very useful in situations where the underlying distribution of the data is unknown. The test compares two related samples—often pre- and post-treatment measurements on the same subjects—to determine if there are significant differences in their median values.
To conduct the sign test, we first calculate the differences in...
To conduct the sign test, we first calculate the differences in...
368
01:28Lateralization
928
Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
928
00:49Complementation Tests
6.0K
A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...
6.0K
01:29Position Vectors
1.7K
A position vector is a fundamental concept in mathematics that helps determine the position of one point with respect to another point in space. It is a vector that describes the direction and distance between two points. Position vectors are highly useful in the field of math and science, as they help represent spatial relationships and make calculations easier.
For instance, we want to locate a point P(x, y, z) relative to the origin of coordinates O. In that case, we can define a position...
For instance, we want to locate a point P(x, y, z) relative to the origin of coordinates O. In that case, we can define a position...
1.7K
01:12Sign Test for Nominal Data
347
The sign test is a nonparametric method used to evaluate hypotheses about the median of a single sample or to compare the medians of two related samples. The sign test is particularly useful when dealing with nominal data, which includes distinct categories without an inherent order, such as names, labels, and preferences. Nominal data restricts statistical analysis to evaluating population proportions rather than mean or median values that require continuous data.
For example, consider a...
For example, consider a...
347
01:17Correspondence Bias
167
Correspondence bias, also referred to as the fundamental attribution error, describes the tendency to attribute another person’s behavior to internal characteristics rather than situational influences. This cognitive bias leads individuals to overlook external factors that may be influencing actions, thereby fostering potentially inaccurate assessments of others’ intentions and dispositions.Empirical Evidence for Correspondence BiasResearch has consistently demonstrated the...
167