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Related Concept Videos

Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

42.9K
The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System01:11

Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System

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The somatosensory system is the central and peripheral nervous system component that senses and processes touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and body position or proprioception. The process of sensation takes place at three levels:
The receptor level:
The receptor level is the first stage of sensation. It involves the detection of a stimulus by specialized sensory receptors. The stimulus must arrive within the receptor's receptive field. Next, the receptor converts the energy of the...
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Tactile and Chemical Senses01:27

Tactile and Chemical Senses

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Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex.
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Sensory Functions of the Skin01:16

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The skin is the largest organ of the human body and plays a crucial role in our sensory perception. It contains a vast network of sensory receptors that contribute to the skin's protective function by perceiving physical, biological, and environmental cues and generating relevant responses.
There are two main categories of receptors on the skin: capsulated and non-capsulated. The non-capsulated ones are mainly the pain receptors. The capsulated ones can be further categorized based on the...
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Introduction to Special Senses01:26

Introduction to Special Senses

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Sensory receptors play an integral part in comprehending our external and internal environments. They receive diverse stimuli, converting them into the nervous system's electrochemical signals. This conversion occurs as the stimulus alters the sensory neuron's cell membrane potential, instigating the generation of an action potential. This action potential is subsequently transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), which integrates with other sensory data or higher cognitive...
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Sensory Modalities01:15

Sensory Modalities

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Sensation typically is the process by which the sensory receptors and sense organs detect stimuli from the internal and external environment and transmit this information to the central nervous system for processing.
General senses refer to the broad category of sensory information detected by receptors in the body and can be further grouped into somatic and visceral senses. Somatic sensations include touch, pressure, temperature, and pain and are essential for navigating our environment and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Applying Incongruent Visual-Tactile Stimuli during Object Transfer with Vibro-Tactile Feedback
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Interoception vs. Exteroception: Cardiac interoception competes with tactile perception, yet also facilitates

Marie Loescher1, Patrick Haggard2, Catherine Tallon-Baudry1

  • 1Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Computationnelles, Département d'Études Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, INSERM U960, 75005 Paris, France.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|December 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Internal bodily signals, like heartbeats, influence external perception through two independent brain mechanisms: neural resource competition and self-relevance facilitation. This reconciles opposing views on interoception and exteroception.

Keywords:
heartbeat-evoked potentialsinteroceptionperceptionselfsomatosensory

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Interoception, or sensing internal bodily signals like heartbeat, influences external perception.
  • Existing theories on interoception's role propose either competition or facilitation with external processing.
  • These theories, Internal/External Competition and Self-related Facilitation, have developed separately.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally contrast the Internal/External Competition and Self-related Facilitation frameworks.
  • To investigate how cardiac interoception, measured via heartbeat-evoked potentials (HEPs), interacts with external stimuli processing.
  • To determine if internal bodily signals and external stimuli compete for neural resources or facilitate self-relevance encoding.

Main Methods:

  • Measured heartbeat-evoked potentials (HEPs) using electroencephalogram (EEG).
  • Manipulated the self-relevance of audio-tactile stimuli by altering audio source location relative to the body (peripersonal space).
  • Analyzed the relationship between prestimulus HEPs and behavioral/neural responses to external stimuli.

Main Results:

  • Prestimulus HEPs over the somatosensory cortex correlated with slower reaction times and altered stimulus-evoked responses, indicating neural resource competition.
  • Prestimulus HEPs over sensorimotor and default-mode network regions facilitated stimulus self-relevance encoding, impacting reaction times and evoked responses.
  • Competition and Facilitation effects were found to be independent, both spatially and statistically.

Conclusions:

  • Reconciled opposing theories by demonstrating two coexisting, independent mechanisms of interoception-exteroception interaction.
  • Showed that internal bodily signals compete for neural resources while simultaneously facilitating self-relevance processing of external stimuli.
  • Highlighted the multidimensional nature of heartbeat-evoked potentials and internal states in shaping perception.