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An Empirical Investigation Into Disorder-Specific Identity Impairment Across Personality Pathology.

Alexandra L Vizgaitis1, Mark F Lenzenweger2

  • 1From Psychology Department, State University of New York at Cortland.

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|December 2, 2025
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Summary

This study examined identity impairment across personality disorders (PDs), finding specific identity diffusion items linked to antisocial, avoidant, and borderline PDs, but not others. Further research is needed to understand disorder-specific identity impairment.

Keywords:
AMPDdisorder-specific identity impairmentidentity diffusionidentity impairmentpersonality pathology

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Psychiatry
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Identity impairment is a core feature of personality pathology.
  • The criteria for disorder-specific identity impairment in the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD) require empirical validation.
  • Understanding how identity impairment manifests across different personality disorders (PDs) is crucial for diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between identity diffusion items and specific personality disorder scales within both DSM-5 and AMPD frameworks.
  • To determine if specific identity diffusion items align with particular PDs as hypothesized.
  • To assess the consistency of these associations between DSM-5 Section II and AMPD conceptualizations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized self-report measures for personality pathology (DSM-5 and AMPD) and identity impairment (identity diffusion) in a sample of 305 university students.
  • Employed correlational analyses to identify which identity diffusion items were most strongly associated with each PD scale.
  • Compared findings between traditional DSM-5 PD scales and AMPD PD scales.

Main Results:

  • Mixed results were observed; predictions were partially supported for antisocial, avoidant, and borderline PDs, with at least one expected identity diffusion item showing a strong association.
  • For narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, and schizotypal PDs, the predicted associations between identity diffusion items and PD scales were not supported.
  • Associations were generally consistent between DSM Section II and AMPD scales, with notable exceptions for avoidant and obsessive-compulsive PDs.

Conclusions:

  • The study highlights the complex and varied nature of identity impairment across different personality disorders.
  • Empirical examination of disorder-specific identity impairment criteria within the AMPD framework yielded mixed support, indicating a need for refinement.
  • Further research is essential to fully elucidate the nuances of identity impairment across the spectrum of personality pathology and to validate AMPD criteria.