Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

4.5K
Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
4.5K
Chemical Stoichiometry and Gases: Using Ideal Gas Law to Determine Moles03:12

Chemical Stoichiometry and Gases: Using Ideal Gas Law to Determine Moles

29.3K
Chemical stoichiometry describes the quantitative relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions.
29.3K
SN2 Reaction: Kinetics02:14

SN2 Reaction: Kinetics

10.1K
Kinetic Studies and Significance
In a chemical reaction, a relationship exists between the concentration of reactants and the rate at which the reaction proceeds. The study to measure this relationship is known as the kinetics of a chemical reaction. Kinetic studies are used to deduce the rate law of a chemical reaction, which provides information about the species involved during the transition state of the rate-determining step. Thus, kinetic studies help to derive the mechanism of a...
10.1K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

4.5K
Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
4.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Machine learning to predict plasma-based CO<sub>2</sub> conversion in dielectric barrier discharge reactors.

Green chemistry : an international journal and green chemistry resource : GC·2026
Same author

Plasma-assisted CH<sub>4</sub> activation on Cu/CeO<sub>2</sub> catalysts: insights into the effect of catalyst surface and vibrational excitation.

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2026
Same author

Short cold atmospheric plasma treatment preserves vascular quiescence in 3D tumor-stroma-endothelial models of pancreatic cancer in vitro and in ovo.

NPJ precision oncology·2025
Same author

Effects of Nitro-Oxidative Stress on Biomolecules: Part 2-Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Biomolecules·2025
Same author

Dose-dependent induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in 3D melanoma models by non-thermal plasma treatment.

Molecular oncology·2025
Same author

Vibrationally excited molecule-metal surface reactions in heterogeneous and plasma catalysis: going beyond the Fridman-Macheret <i>α</i> model.

EES catalysis·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production
08:40

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

Published on: December 6, 2021

4.1K

Plasma-Based NH3 Cracking: A Better Insight in the Performance by Chemical Kinetics Modeling.

Seunghwan Bang1,2, Stein Maerivoet1,2,3, Ivan Tsonev1,2

  • 1Research group PLASMANT and Center of Excellence PLASMA, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.

Chemsuschem
|December 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Plasma cracking rapidly converts ammonia (NH3) at lower gas temperatures than thermal methods. This study models plasma performance, showing significant time reductions and reasonable energy costs for efficient NH3 conversion.

Keywords:
0D modellingNH3 cracking plasmachemical kineticshydrogenwarm plasma

More Related Videos

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
08:14

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

Published on: August 23, 2017

27.3K
Preparation of Hydrophobic Metal-Organic Frameworks via Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perfluoroalkanes for the Removal of Ammonia
12:05

Preparation of Hydrophobic Metal-Organic Frameworks via Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perfluoroalkanes for the Removal of Ammonia

Published on: October 10, 2013

15.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production
08:40

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

Published on: December 6, 2021

4.1K
Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
08:14

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

Published on: August 23, 2017

27.3K
Preparation of Hydrophobic Metal-Organic Frameworks via Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perfluoroalkanes for the Removal of Ammonia
12:05

Preparation of Hydrophobic Metal-Organic Frameworks via Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perfluoroalkanes for the Removal of Ammonia

Published on: October 10, 2013

15.9K

Area of Science:

  • Plasma Chemistry
  • Chemical Kinetics
  • Ammonia Cracking

Background:

  • Ammonia (NH3) cracking is crucial for hydrogen production and nitrogen fertilizer synthesis.
  • Thermal cracking requires high temperatures (above 2300 K) and long residence times for complete conversion.
  • Plasma-based methods offer potential for enhanced reaction rates and efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the performance characteristics of warm-plasma-based NH3 cracking.
  • To model NH3 conversion across a wide range of gas (Tg) and electron (Te) temperatures.
  • To identify strategies for improving plasma cracking performance and reducing energy costs.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed plasma chemical kinetics modeling.
  • Simulation across gas temperatures from 1000-6000 K and electron temperatures from 0-40,000 K.
  • Analysis of NH3 conversion rates, reaction times, and energy costs.

Main Results:

  • NH3 conversion increases with both Tg and Te, with Te significantly reducing conversion time at lower Tg.
  • Plasma achieves full NH3 conversion at Te > 2.75 eV across all investigated Tg.
  • Product composition aligns with thermal equilibrium, showing minimal Te influence.
  • Predicted energy cost of 197 kJ/mol-NH3 for typical warm plasmas, with potential reduction to 157 kJ/mol-NH3 via plasma-initialized thermal cracking.

Conclusions:

  • Plasma cracking offers a rapid and energy-efficient alternative to thermal cracking for NH3 conversion.
  • Optimizing electron temperature and utilizing strategies like plasma-initialized cracking can significantly improve performance.
  • Further reductions in energy cost are feasible through heat recovery.