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Updated: May 9, 2026

Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Polyethylene glycol and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation
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Biopolymer-based hydrogel formulations for improved seed coating performance.

Raikhan Rakhmetullayeva1, Botakoz Khavilkhairat1, Assel Toktabayeva1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan.

Scientific Reports
|December 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Biodegradable superabsorbent hydrogels made from starch and carboxymethyl cellulose show excellent water absorption and soil conditioning properties. These eco-friendly materials significantly enhance seed germination and growth, offering a sustainable alternative for agriculture.

Keywords:
CarboxymethylcelluloseDegree of swellingHydrogelSeed coatingStarchSugar beet seeds

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science
  • Agricultural Science

Background:

  • Conventional superabsorbents raise environmental concerns due to their petroleum origin.
  • Bio-based superabsorbents offer sustainable alternatives with excellent water retention and multifunctionality.
  • Limited research exists on hydrogels derived solely from natural polymers like starch and carboxymethyl cellulose.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize biodegradable superabsorbent hydrogels with high bio-based content (90%) from starch (St) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC).
  • To investigate the impact of varying St-to-CMC ratios and glutaraldehyde (GA) concentrations on hydrogel properties.
  • To evaluate the hydrogels' swelling, degradation, and performance as soil conditioners for seed germination.

Main Methods:

  • Hydrogels synthesized using starch, carboxymethyl cellulose, and glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent.
  • Structural analysis via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and morphology via scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
  • Swelling, degradation, and seed germination tests conducted to assess hydrogel performance.

Main Results:

  • Synthesized hydrogels exhibited high water uptake (17.5 g/g) due to porous morphology and crosslinked networks.
  • Higher starch content correlated with increased water absorption capacity.
  • Demonstrated 67% degradation in soil within 45 days and significantly improved sugar beet seedling growth (6 cm length).

Conclusions:

  • Starch-CMC hydrogels crosslinked with GA are highly biodegradable and effective water-retaining soil conditioners.
  • These bio-based hydrogels show potential as controlled-release platforms for agricultural applications.
  • The study highlights a sustainable approach to developing advanced materials for agriculture.