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Related Concept Videos

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions02:54

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:
Resonance02:52

Resonance

The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2−) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N-O and N=O bonds.
Exceptions to the Octet Rule02:55

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Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:
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Electrochemistry is the science involved in the interconversion of electrical and chemical reactions. Such reactions are called reduction-oxidation, or redox reactions. These important reactions are defined by changes in oxidation states for one or more reactant elements and include a subset of reactions involving the transfer of electrons between reactant species. Electrochemistry as a field has evolved to yield sufficient insights on the fundamental principles of redox chemistry and multiple...
Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can be...
Resonance and Hybrid Structures02:16

Resonance and Hybrid Structures

According to the theory of resonance, if two or more Lewis structures with the same arrangement of atoms can be written for a molecule, ion, or radical, the actual distribution of electrons is an average of that shown by the various Lewis structures.
Resonance Structures and Resonance Hybrids
The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2−) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N–O and N=O bonds.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
10:51

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Phosphorus and Molybdenum Codoped Ru/RuO2 Heterostructures for Alkaline Overall Water Splitting.

Xiaojing Dong1,2, Yue Hao1, Jintao Wang1

  • 1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, P. R. China.

Chemistry, an Asian Journal
|December 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel bifunctional electrocatalyst, P,Mo0.1-Ru/RuO2, for efficient overall water splitting (OWS) and sustainable hydrogen production. The catalyst demonstrates superior activity and stability in alkaline media.

Keywords:
bifunctional catalystsheterostructureshydrogen evolution reactionoxygen evolution reactionsynergistic effect

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Sustainable Energy

Background:

  • Overall water splitting (OWS) is crucial for sustainable hydrogen production.
  • Challenges include sluggish kinetics and metal ion leaching in bifunctional electrocatalysts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a highly efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for alkaline OWS.
  • To investigate the synergistic effects of phosphorus and molybdenum codoping on ruthenium/ruthenium oxide heterostructures.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of phosphorus and molybdenum codoped ruthenium and ruthenium oxides heterostructure (P,Mo0.1-Ru/RuO2).
  • Electrochemical characterization of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline media.
  • Evaluation of the catalyst's performance in overall water splitting (OWS).

Main Results:

  • P,Mo0.1-Ru/RuO2 exhibits enhanced HER and OER activities with low overpotentials (61 mV for HER, 230 mV for OER at 10 mA cm-2).
  • The catalyst requires a low cell voltage of 1.50 V at 10 mA cm-2 for OWS.
  • Improved structural stability due to suppressed ruthenium oxide dissolution.

Conclusions:

  • Codoping with phosphorus and molybdenum significantly enhances the electrocatalytic performance of Ru/RuO2.
  • The developed catalyst offers a promising strategy for efficient and stable hydrogen production via OWS.
  • Synergistic effects of anion and cation doping are key for advanced bifunctional catalyst design.