Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Overview of Exosomes01:36

Overview of Exosomes

3.5K
Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...
3.5K
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

1.7K
The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
1.7K
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

83.3K
Overview
83.3K
Surface Membrane Barriers01:18

Surface Membrane Barriers

2.5K
The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is a robust barrier comprising layers of closely packed keratinized cells. This dense arrangement prevents microbes from penetrating the body. The periodic shedding of epidermal cells...
2.5K
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

1.3K
An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
1.3K
Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

4.6K
Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
4.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Induction of DNA-mediated immune responses by bacterial extracellular vesicles results in control of murine norovirus infection.

Gut microbes·2026
Same author

Deficiency of cannabinoid receptors enhances host susceptibility to bacterial infection.

mBio·2025
Same author

Targeting deubiquitinating enzymes and ubiquitin pathway modulators to enhance host defense against bacterial infections.

mBio·2025
Same author

Orally administered extracellular vesicles from <i>Salmonella</i>-infected macrophages confer protective immunity <i>in vivo</i>.

Frontiers in immunology·2025
Same author

Reply to Babich, "Using exosomes for universal vaccines".

Infection and immunity·2025
Same author

Impact of simulated microgravity on the growth and proteomic profile of <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i>.

Microbiology spectrum·2025
Same journal

Correction to: IL-27 signaling negatively regulates FcɛRI-mediated mast cell activation and allergic response.

Journal of leukocyte biology·2026
Same journal

Autofluorescence enables detection and quantification of EETosis in human leukocyte cultures.

Journal of leukocyte biology·2026
Same journal

Cold Atmospheric Plasma as an Immunomodulator: Suppression of T-cell Hyperactivation and Graft-versus-Host Disease via Redox Regulation.

Journal of leukocyte biology·2026
Same journal

Distinct lymphocyte immune signatures to nivolumab and recombinant IL-7 ex vivo in patients with sepsis.

Journal of leukocyte biology·2026
Same journal

Eosinophil Essentials: Identification and Assessment of Activity.

Journal of leukocyte biology·2026
Same journal

Immune cell landscape reveals 5 immune-related subtypes and molecular characteristics with prognostic and therapeutic implications in pan-cancer.

Journal of leukocyte biology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Characterization of Immune Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles and Studying Functional Impact on Cell Environment
10:09

Characterization of Immune Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles and Studying Functional Impact on Cell Environment

Published on: June 2, 2020

7.2K

Extracellular vesicles decoying across host immunity.

Jorge J Canas1, Samantha M Enslow1, Saloni Bhimani1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 1355 Museum Rd, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.

Journal of Leukocyte Biology
|December 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) act as decoys, intercepting toxins, pathogens, and nutrients to modulate host immunity. This functional definition reveals their role in microbial pathogenesis and chronic illnesses.

Keywords:
cell communicationdecoy vesiclesextracellular vesicleshost-defenseimmunology

More Related Videos

In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells
08:02

In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells

Published on: September 23, 2021

3.0K
Isolation And Dendritic Cell-Uptake of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Echinococcus granulosus
09:04

Isolation And Dendritic Cell-Uptake of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Echinococcus granulosus

Published on: March 28, 2025

685

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Characterization of Immune Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles and Studying Functional Impact on Cell Environment
10:09

Characterization of Immune Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles and Studying Functional Impact on Cell Environment

Published on: June 2, 2020

7.2K
In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells
08:02

In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells

Published on: September 23, 2021

3.0K
Isolation And Dendritic Cell-Uptake of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Echinococcus granulosus
09:04

Isolation And Dendritic Cell-Uptake of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Echinococcus granulosus

Published on: March 28, 2025

685

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Immunology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial for intercellular communication and homeostasis.
  • Current classification methods fail to capture the full range of EV biological effects.
  • A functional definition is needed to understand diverse EV roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the functional definition of EVs, focusing on their decoying capabilities.
  • To explore the interactions of decoy EVs with toxins, pathogens, and nutrients.
  • To review recent discoveries on decoy EVs in host immunity, microbial pathogenesis, and chronic illnesses.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on functional definitions of EVs.
  • Analysis of studies investigating decoy EV interactions.
  • Evaluation of biomedical methodologies for studying decoy EVs.

Main Results:

  • EVs can function as decoys, intercepting harmful substances and modulating immune responses.
  • Decoy EVs play a role in microbial pathogenesis and the development of chronic illnesses.
  • Biomedical methods are being developed to characterize these decoying properties.

Conclusions:

  • A functional definition of EVs, particularly as decoys, offers new insights into their biological roles.
  • Decoy EVs represent a significant area of research with implications for understanding and treating diseases.
  • Further research and advanced methodologies are needed to fully elucidate the properties and applications of decoy EVs.