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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity01:21

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity

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The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity is the body's natural, nonspecific defense system that acts quickly to protect against pathogens. It incorporates physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes and cellular elements such as phagocytes and natural killer cells. This part of our immune system provides an immediate,...
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Immunity, along with the ability to limit pathogen growth to prevent significant body tissue damage, can be gained either by (1) actively developing an immune response within the individual after exposure to a pathogen or after getting vaccinated or (2) passively transferring immune components from an immune individual to one who is nonimmune. Both these forms of immunity can be found naturally and in medical practices.
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Updated: Jan 9, 2026

A Method to Assess Fc-mediated Effector Functions Induced by Influenza Hemagglutinin Specific Antibodies
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Human immunity.

Jean-Laurent Casanova1,2,3,4,5

  • 1St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.

Journal of Human Immunity
|December 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human immune systems are insufficient against microbes, leading to diseases and evolutionary trade-offs like allergies. Genetics now allows studying these inborn errors of immunity for biological and medical insights.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Human life expectancy was limited by infectious diseases until the 19th century, indicating insufficient host defense at the population level.
  • Microbes evolved much earlier and more rapidly than humans, posing a constant evolutionary challenge.
  • Protective immunity has evolved at the cost of increased risks for allergy, autoinflammation, and autoimmunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms of human immunity and its dysregulation at molecular and cellular levels.
  • To leverage human inborn errors of immunity as a model for studying immune responses in natural conditions.
  • To highlight the biological and medical significance of studying inborn errors of immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing advancements in genetics to study immunity.
  • Analyzing molecular and cellular mechanisms of human immune responses.
  • Investigating human inborn errors of immunity.

Main Results:

  • Predicts that nearly all humans possess inborn errors of immunity, leading to varied responses to environmental triggers.
  • Demonstrates the power of genetics in unraveling complex immune system functions.
  • Highlights human inborn errors as a unique asset for research.

Conclusions:

  • Human inborn errors of immunity offer unparalleled opportunities to study immune function and dysfunction.
  • Genetics provides the tools to investigate immunity at an unprecedented scale.
  • Understanding inborn errors is crucial from both biological and medical viewpoints.