Natural, Engineered, and Hybrid Platelet Membrane-Based Nanotherapeutics for Inflammatory Diseases

Nanotherapeutics based on platelet membranes represent a new and advanced biomimetic approach in nanomedicine. By covering synthetic nanoparticle cores with natural platelet membranes, these platforms ingeniously combine the multifaceted biointerfacing abilities of platelets, such as long circulation, immune evasion, and targeting of inflamed tissues, with the many functions of engineered cores. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the design and application of nanotherapeutics, categorizing them into three platforms: those derived from natural platelet membranes, those utilizing engineered platelet membranes for enhanced targeting or drug loading, and those employing hybrid membranes fused with other cell types to combine complementary functionalities. We emphasize their therapeutic efficacy in various inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, ischemic injury (stroke and myocardial infarction), rheumatoid arthritis, microbial infections, and the tumor inflammatory microenvironment. Finally, we discuss the translational potential and current challenges of this technology and provide a critical perspective on its future development in precision medicine.