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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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Porins are beta-barrel proteins translocated to the mitochondrial outer membrane through the TOM complex into the intermembrane space. Porin precursors bind TIM chaperones within the intermembrane space and are guided to the Sorting and Assembly Machinery complex or SAM complex on the outer mitochondrial membrane.
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Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and gram-negative bacteria have transmembrane, beta-barrel proteins called porins to mediate the free diffusion of ions and metabolites across the membrane. Mitochondrial porin precursors contain conserved amino acid sequences called beta signals at their C-terminal. Beta signals have a  motif of PoXGXXHyXHy (Po-Polar, X-Any amino acid, G-Glycine, Hy-LargeHydrophobic), which are crucial for precursor recognition to initiate precursor assembly. Beta-barrel...
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Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
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Protein Transport into the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:34

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Nuclear encoded mitochondrial precursors are imported to the inner membrane in a multistep process involving two separate translocons, TIM22 and TIM23. TIM23 is a cation-selective pore that remains closed by the N terminal segment of the protein. Negative charges on the TIM23 act as a receptor for the incoming precursor, pulling the positively charged matrix-targeting sequence for peptide insertion and translocation.
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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
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Assessment of Open Probability of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore in the Setting of Coenzyme Q Excess
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Tom70-mediated mitochondria-nuclear envelope contacts regulate nuclear pore complex inheritance during gametogenesis.

Cyrus T Ruediger1, Benjamin S Styler1, Eric M Sawyer1,2

  • 1Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|December 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gametogenesis relies on the mitochondrial protein Tom70 to exclude unwanted nuclear components from developing gametes. This process ensures cellular lineage rejuvenation and safeguards gamete integrity through organelle contact. Keywords: gametogenesis, Tom70, nuclear exclusion, gamete integrity, organelle contact.

Keywords:
Cnm1Tom70gametogenesismeiosismembrane contactmitochondrianuclear pore complexorganelle tetherquality control

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Gametogenesis rejuvenates cellular lineages by excluding senescence factors from gametes.
  • In yeast, this involves the Gametogenesis-Uninherited Nuclear Compartment (GUNC) for exclusion.
  • Nuclear quality control is crucial for maintaining gamete integrity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify key regulators of GUNC-mediated exclusion during gametogenesis.
  • To elucidate the role of mitochondrial proteins in nuclear quality control.
  • To understand the mechanisms of selective nuclear inheritance.

Main Methods:

  • Genetic analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants.
  • Microscopy to visualize nuclear and mitochondrial components.
  • Investigating protein interactions and localization during meiosis.

Main Results:

  • The mitochondrial import receptor Tom70 is identified as a regulator of GUNC.
  • Loss of TOM70 disrupts the sequestration of nuclear pore complexes into the GUNC.
  • Tom70 mediates mitochondria-nuclear envelope tethering, recruiting Cnm1 during meiosis II.

Conclusions:

  • Tom70 plays a meiosis-specific role in mitochondria-nuclear envelope tethering for GUNC function.
  • Organelle contact-dependent pathways remodel the nuclear envelope for selective nuclear inheritance.
  • This study reveals a novel pathway for safeguarding gamete integrity through integrated organelle contacts and nuclear quality control.