Schizophrenia: What We Know and What We Are Yet to Know

Schizophrenia is an intricate mental disorder characterized by psychosis. The condition typically emerges during late adolescence and early adulthood, often persisting throughout a lifetime. The condition is understood to arise from a complex interplay of genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the extant knowledge state on schizophrenia through critical appraisal and integration of evidence from various domains, including neurobiology, genetics, clinical manifestations, therapeutic interventions, and environmental risk factors. We conducted an in-depth literature search on various medical databases, including PubMed, Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar, for peer-reviewed articles focusing on schizophrenia. The study findings indicate that schizophrenia is a highly heterogeneous disorder attributable to complex interactions between neurobiological, genetic, and environmental factors, which make its diagnosis and treatment difficult. In our future studies, we intend to focus on interdisciplinary approaches and translation of molecular discoveries into clinical practice to improve diagnosis and treatment interventions, as well as reduce the schizophrenia burden.