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Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Preparation and Characterization of Graphene-Based 3D Biohybrid Hydrogel Bioink for Peripheral Neuroengineering

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Published on: May 16, 2022

Engineering 3D-printed standalone conductive nerve guides using soft bioinks for peripheral nerve injuries.

Lin Li¹, Angel Hernandez¹, Ryan Grevsmuehl¹

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA shangsong@arizona.edu.

Materials Advances

|December 3, 2025

Summary

Researchers developed 3D-printed conductive nerve guides (CNGs) using biocompatible materials. These customizable CNGs offer a biodegradable and effective solution for peripheral nerve injury repair.

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Fabrication of the Composite Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interface C-RPNI in the Adult Rat

Fabrication of the Composite Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interface C-RPNI in the Adult Rat

Published on: February 25, 2020

Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Regenerative Medicine
Polymer Chemistry

Background:

Conductive nerve guides (CNGs) show promise for nerve regeneration but conventional methods yield non-biodegradable and inflexible guides.
Existing fabrication techniques limit customization and can involve cytotoxic residues.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop customizable, 3D-printed conductive nerve guides using biocompatible materials.
To overcome limitations of traditional nerve guides, focusing on biodegradability and ease of manufacturing.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of bioinks using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).
Extrusion-based 3D printing of standalone nerve guides without sacrificial supports.
Tailoring polymer concentration and polymerization for desired bioink properties (conductivity, wettability, shear-thinning).

Main Results:

Synthesized PEDOT:PSS/20% PVA bioinks exhibited enhanced conductivity, wettability, and shear-thinning behavior.
3D-printed conductive nerve guides were successfully customized to match defect dimensions in rodent models.
The fabricated guides demonstrated excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility, with no need for post-processing removal of sacrificial materials.

Conclusions:

Optimized bioink properties enable simple manufacturing of 3D-printed, biodegradable, and biocompatible CNGs with tunable dimensions.
This approach addresses the need for tailored solutions for peripheral nerve injuries of varying sizes.
3D printing offers a versatile platform for creating advanced nerve regeneration scaffolds.