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Solar-Driven Electrochemical Green Fuel Production from CO2 and Water Using Ti3C2Tx MXene-Supported CuZn and NiCo Catalysts

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Ionomers modulate the microenvironment in electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction.

Sunhong Ruan¹, Gangjun Tang¹, Zhiming Zhang¹

¹State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols, Ethers and Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China zhangqh@xmu.edu.cn wangye@xmu.edu.cn shunji_xie@xmu.edu.cn.

Chemical Science

|December 3, 2025

Summary

Ionomers precisely control the microenvironment in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reactions (CO2RR), enhancing performance. This review details how ionomers improve CO2RR efficiency and stability, addressing environmental and energy challenges.

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Area of Science:

Electrochemistry
Materials Science
Environmental Science

Background:

The global shift to a low-carbon society drives electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) development.
CO2RR technology offers solutions for environmental pollution and energy crises.
Microenvironment modulation is key to enhancing CO2RR performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the role of ionomers in modulating the CO2RR microenvironment.
To elucidate the mechanisms by which ionomers improve CO2RR.
To identify challenges and future directions for ionomer application in CO2RR.

Main Methods:

Overview of CO2RR microenvironment components and influencing factors.
Analysis of ionomer structures and functional mechanisms.
Systematic discussion of ionomer-induced microenvironment modulation effects.

Main Results:

Ionomers precisely control the catalyst surface microenvironment.
Modulation impacts CO2 mass transport, intermediate stabilization, and surface properties.
Specific effects include altered pH, ion distribution, hydrophobicity, and interfacial water structure.

Conclusions:

Ionomers significantly improve CO2RR activity, selectivity, stability, and energy efficiency.
Current challenges in ionomer application are identified.
Future research directions focus on overcoming these challenges for practical CO2RR implementation.