Identifying Modifiable Risk Factors for Glaucoma

To critically evaluate the current evidence on the influence of lifestyle factors on glaucoma risk and progression. Glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible vision loss globally, poses a significant clinical challenge. The pathogenesis of glaucoma is multifactorial, involving mechanisms beyond intraocular pressure (IOP). Effective treatments for reducing IOP exist, yet progressive vision loss remains a common occurrence among glaucoma patients, underscoring the need for further research. Age, ethnicity, family history, and high myopia are recognized risk factors; however, they are difficult to modify. In contrast, lifestyle factors such as physical activity, smoking, and diet may offer opportunities for risk reduction, but the relationships between these factors and glaucoma are not yet well understood.

A narrative review of literature was conducted by searching multiple databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library, focusing on peer-reviewed studies published between August 2009 and October 2024. An extensive range of keywords, such as glaucoma, intraocular pressure, lifestyle factors, diet, sleep pattern, alcohol consumption, smoking, anxiety, stress, body mass index, and caffeine, were employed individually and in combination to ensure a comprehensive search.

Lifestyle factors, such as mindfulness-based stress reduction, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and sleep apnea management, may be efficacious in reducing intraocular pressure fluctuations and neuroinflammatory damage. In addition, a healthy diet, body mass index, and regular physical activity may contribute to reduced glaucoma risk.

This review underscores the potential of lifestyle modifications as a complementary strategy in glaucoma management. Further research is necessary to explore evidence-based associations between lifestyle factors and glaucoma.