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Minerals01:26

Minerals

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Minerals are essential nutrients that the human body needs in small amounts to work properly. They play a vital role in many bodily functions, such as building strong bones and transmitting nerve impulses. Some minerals are needed for hormone production or to maintain a normal heartbeat. Major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium, while trace minerals include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, and selenium.
 
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Tooth Anatomy01:21

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Systematic Approach to Identify Novel Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Molecules from Plants' Extracts and Fractions to Prevent Dental Caries
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Update on fluoride prophylaxis.

P Defabianis1

  • 1CIR Dental School, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, University of Turin.

European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry
|December 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Excessive fluoride exposure is not essential for preventing cavities and can harm children

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Toxicology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Fluoride is a trace element crucial for dental and bone health.
  • It is absorbed rapidly, with higher bioavailability from water than food.
  • Optimal benefits are achieved via topical application to tooth surfaces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence on the necessity and risks of fluoride exposure.
  • To highlight the limited benefits of fluoride for fetal and infant development.
  • To emphasize the particular hazards of excessive fluoride for young children's developing brains.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and evidence synthesis.
  • Analysis of fluoride absorption, distribution, and excretion.
  • Examination of fluoride's impact on dental health, bone strength, thyroid function, and cognitive development.

Main Results:

  • Excessive fluoride exposure is linked to fluorosis, negatively impacting teeth and bones.
  • Detrimental effects extend to thyroid function and cognitive development, especially in children.
  • Evidence suggests fluoride is not essential for caries prevention and offers minimal benefits to fetuses and infants.

Conclusions:

  • Excessive fluoride intake poses significant health risks, particularly to developing brains in young children.
  • The benefits of fluoride for caries prevention are primarily achieved through topical application, not systemic exposure.
  • Safer and more effective strategies for caries prevention are needed, especially in low-to-middle-income countries.